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Psychology 2020 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arecoline

A

4th most commonly used drug
comes from betel nut (fruit)
consumed by taking a piece of nut wrapped in betel leaf
chronic betel nut chewing may produce physical dependence with accompanying withdrawal: mood swings, anxiety, irritability, insomnia.
prepared betel nut chews-> paan

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2
Q

Anti Cigarette League was formed by who and when?

A

Lucy Gatson in 1899

She said cigs were coffin nails

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3
Q

Metabolite of Nicotine

A

Cotinine

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4
Q

Nicotine activates which receptors on which location?

A

Nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons

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5
Q

Cigarette contains how much nicotine?

A

0.5-2.0 mg

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6
Q

What percent of nicotine is actually inhaled and reaches the blood stream?

A

20%

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7
Q

Lethal dose of nicotine?

A

60 mg

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8
Q

How many lethal doses of nicotine does a cigar contain?

A

2 lethal doses but not all is inhaled.

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9
Q

What happens when nicotine gets into the brain?

A

When nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to acetylcholine receptors and mimics the actions of acetylcholine.

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10
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Most common neurotransmitter in cholinergic nervous system. Plays a role in learning and memory.

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11
Q

Stroop Task and Nicotine

A

had to name color of the word. Nicotine reduces the semantic content so naming the colors was faster.

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12
Q

Nicotine Self Administration and CPP

A

both

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13
Q

Nicotine Tolerance and Physical dependence

A

no tolerance, but there is physical dependence: cravings and trouble sleeping

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14
Q

Bupropion

A

Nicotinic receptor ANTAGONIST. blocks dopamine re uptake. used for smoking treatment

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15
Q

Varenicline

A

nicotinic receptor AGONIST. attaches to nicotinic receptor but doesn’t produce same level of activation

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16
Q

Cannabis plant contains how many cannabinoids?

A

60-80

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17
Q

THC

A

active ingredient in MJ. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

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18
Q

Hashish, THC content of hash oil is __%?

A

dried up leaves of the plant, 40%

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19
Q

How much THC in a joint is absorbed?

A

50% or 5-10mg in 60mg joint

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20
Q

Cannabinoids

A

very lipid soluble. poorly absorbed in digestive tract. only 20% of ingested amount is entering the blood.

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21
Q

8 Arm Radial Maze Task

A

8 arms, food is placed at the end of 4 arms but not the other 4. If the rat returns to the baited arm after it already ate the food, its a working memory error. If it goes to a non baited arm, its a reference memory error(forgot general rules).
results: animals given THC are slower to learn the task

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22
Q

DMTS study (Delayed matching to sample task study)

A

showed stimulus, stimulus left, two choice of stimulus to choose from. working memory involved. significant impairment with the dose of THC.

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23
Q

Self Admin and CPP in THC

A

no self admin, but there was cpp in rats.

24
Q

Tolerance and Dependence in THC

A

Tolerance yes, dependence(withdrawal) yes.

25
Q

Neurochemical actions of THC

A

cannabinoid system is activated by a cannabinoid ligand called anandamide

26
Q

cannabinoid agonist and antagonist?

A

agonist- THC

antagonist - rimonabant

27
Q

Cannabinoid receptors (2)

A 
CB1- found in CNS
CB2
reduce actelycholine(learning and memory)
increase dopamine (rewarding effects)
reduce glutamate and GABA
28
Q

Teratology?

A

study of harmful effects of substances taken during pregnancy on fetus

29
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

reduces the dopamine effects of THC

30
Q

4 categories of hallucinogens

A

cholinergic (atropine)
serotonergic/5-HT (LSD)
Noradrenergic (MDMA/ecstasy)
Other (PCP)

31
Q

Cholinergic Hallucinogens definition and drug names

A 
Ingestion of plants containing substances to affect the cholinergic system.
Agonist:
Amanita Muscaria
Ibogaine
Antagonist:
Atropa Belladonna
Datura Stramonium
Henbane
Mandragora
32
Q

Amanita Muscaria

A

fly agaric mushroom (putting slices of mushroom in milk to kill flies)
mushroom with bright red cap and white dots
agitated raving
contains: ibotenic acid and muscimole

33
Q

Ibogaine

A

Chew yellow root of plant
contains: ibotenic acid
if enough pills were taken, childhood memories would be unlocked

34
Q

Atropa Belladonna

A

contains: alkaloid atropine - blocks cholinergic receptors therefore reducing neural activity.
low dose- initial arousal
medium dose- hallucinations
very high dose - frightening images
known as deadly nightshade or love apples
purple plant

35
Q

Datura Stramonium

A

Jimson weed
contains: atropine and scopolamine
produces a feeling of flying, it was absorbed on sticks through the vag(witches).

36
Q

Henbane

A

used in orgies
strong smelling herb
Contains: scopolamine and hyoscyamine

37
Q

Mandragora

A 
mandrake "potent male"
contains: atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine
plant grew were hanged man's semen fell 
low dose: depressant, hypnotic drug
high dose: hallucinations, delirium
38
Q

Serotonergic/5-HT hallucinogens definition and drug names

A 
drugs with neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) that produce hallucinogens.
LSD
Lysergic acid
Psilocybin(shrooms)
DMT
Bufotenine (5-DMT)
5-MeO-DIPT (foxy)
39
Q

LSD

A

hoffman ingested a dose of 250 micrograms, “famous trip”.
used in therapies because it made people more open.
odourless, tasteless, colorless, readily absorbed, can cross BBB and placenta.
dose- 50 micrograms.
effects begin at 60 mins, peak at 90mins, and last 5-12 hours.

40
Q

When was LSD made a schedule 1 drug?

A

1966

41
Q

Huge list of effects of LSD:

A 
Wave-like movements
Objects move
Form constants(see spirals)
Synasethesia (see sounds)
Distortions in time perception
Ego disintegration (melted into the bed)
Bad trips
Flashbacks (33%)
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)
tolerance occurs but no physical dependence
42
Q

Lysergic acid

A

1/10th potency of LSD but similar.
Found in: ergot (fungus)
lysergic acid amide is restriction of blood flow leading to a warm sensation aka “holyfire” or “st.anothnys fire”

43
Q

Psilocybin(shrooms)

A

substance in mushrooms.
dose: 4-8mg for psychoactive effect
dose: 15mg for hallucinations
psilocybin is converted to psilocin

44
Q

DMT

A

aka “business man psychedelic”
found in plants.
reddish bark used as snuff.
effects: excitation, numbness, hallucinations
duration: 1 hour
administration: can be taken as a drink but ineffective because its easily metabolized by monoamine oxidase
usually smoked or inhaled

45
Q

Bufotenine (5-DMT)

A

found in: plants, fish, toads
ppl use to lick toads to ingest it
side effects: skin turns purple
similar to DMT

46
Q

5-MeO-DIPT(foxy)

A

“fake ecstasy”

3-6 hour during

47
Q

Self administration and CPP in serotonergic drugs

A

no self administration

yes CPP

48
Q

Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine and methylated amphetamines) Hallucinogens definition and drug names

A 
modification of amphetamines(adding methyl group) which resembles norepinephrine therefore the drugs have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
Mescaline
STP
MDA
MDMA
Myristicin and elemincin
49
Q

Mescaline

A 
norepinephrine type hallucinogens.
found in: cactus
dose: 3mg/kg stimulant effects
dose: 5mg/kg hallucinations
effects: weightless,alterations in time
side effects: nausea, vomit
tolerance occurs
50
Q

STP

A

serenity, tranquility, peace
produces euphoria effects at 3-5mg/kg, 10mg-hallucinations
bad trips

51
Q

MDA

A

aka “eve”
metabolite of MDMA
dose: 80-160mg, lasts up to 10 hours
enhances emotions

52
Q

MDMA

A

use to be an appetite suppressant
tablet or capsule form absorbed in GI tract
dose: 50-200 mg duration: 4-6 hours
effects: positive mood change, increased energy
takes place in “raves”
causes release of serotonin and also blocks re uptake of serotonin there causes prolonged period of serotonergic activation.
brain areas of learning and memory: lowering serotonergic functioning
brain areas of sleep and appetite: excess serotonin release.
serotonin restricts blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter.

53
Q

Myristicin and elemincin

A

found in fruit of a tree

weak hallucinogen

54
Q

Self Admin and CPP

A 
Not self Admin, produces a CPP.
Methylated amphetamine (MDMA, MDA) are self admin and CPP.
55
Q

Amphetamine

A

stimulant. modifications to this creates many different drugs

Psychology 2020 (2 decks)

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