Midterm 2 Flashcards
Arecoline
4th most commonly used drug
comes from betel nut (fruit)
consumed by taking a piece of nut wrapped in betel leaf
chronic betel nut chewing may produce physical dependence with accompanying withdrawal: mood swings, anxiety, irritability, insomnia.
prepared betel nut chews-> paan
Anti Cigarette League was formed by who and when?
Lucy Gatson in 1899
She said cigs were coffin nails
Metabolite of Nicotine
Cotinine
Nicotine activates which receptors on which location?
Nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons
Cigarette contains how much nicotine?
0.5-2.0 mg
What percent of nicotine is actually inhaled and reaches the blood stream?
20%
Lethal dose of nicotine?
60 mg
How many lethal doses of nicotine does a cigar contain?
2 lethal doses but not all is inhaled.
What happens when nicotine gets into the brain?
When nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to acetylcholine receptors and mimics the actions of acetylcholine.
What is Acetylcholine?
Most common neurotransmitter in cholinergic nervous system. Plays a role in learning and memory.
Stroop Task and Nicotine
had to name color of the word. Nicotine reduces the semantic content so naming the colors was faster.
Nicotine Self Administration and CPP
both
Nicotine Tolerance and Physical dependence
no tolerance, but there is physical dependence: cravings and trouble sleeping
Bupropion
Nicotinic receptor ANTAGONIST. blocks dopamine re uptake. used for smoking treatment
Varenicline
nicotinic receptor AGONIST. attaches to nicotinic receptor but doesn’t produce same level of activation
Cannabis plant contains how many cannabinoids?
60-80
THC
active ingredient in MJ. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Hashish, THC content of hash oil is __%?
dried up leaves of the plant, 40%
How much THC in a joint is absorbed?
50% or 5-10mg in 60mg joint
Cannabinoids
very lipid soluble. poorly absorbed in digestive tract. only 20% of ingested amount is entering the blood.
8 Arm Radial Maze Task
8 arms, food is placed at the end of 4 arms but not the other 4. If the rat returns to the baited arm after it already ate the food, its a working memory error. If it goes to a non baited arm, its a reference memory error(forgot general rules).
results: animals given THC are slower to learn the task
DMTS study (Delayed matching to sample task study)
showed stimulus, stimulus left, two choice of stimulus to choose from. working memory involved. significant impairment with the dose of THC.
Self Admin and CPP in THC
no self admin, but there was cpp in rats.
Tolerance and Dependence in THC
Tolerance yes, dependence(withdrawal) yes.
Neurochemical actions of THC
cannabinoid system is activated by a cannabinoid ligand called anandamide
cannabinoid agonist and antagonist?
agonist- THC
antagonist - rimonabant
Cannabinoid receptors (2)
CB1- found in CNS CB2 reduce actelycholine(learning and memory) increase dopamine (rewarding effects) reduce glutamate and GABA
Teratology?
study of harmful effects of substances taken during pregnancy on fetus
Opioid antagonist
reduces the dopamine effects of THC
4 categories of hallucinogens
cholinergic (atropine)
serotonergic/5-HT (LSD)
Noradrenergic (MDMA/ecstasy)
Other (PCP)
Cholinergic Hallucinogens definition and drug names
Ingestion of plants containing substances to affect the cholinergic system. Agonist: Amanita Muscaria Ibogaine Antagonist: Atropa Belladonna Datura Stramonium Henbane Mandragora
Amanita Muscaria
fly agaric mushroom (putting slices of mushroom in milk to kill flies)
mushroom with bright red cap and white dots
agitated raving
contains: ibotenic acid and muscimole
Ibogaine
Chew yellow root of plant
contains: ibotenic acid
if enough pills were taken, childhood memories would be unlocked
Atropa Belladonna
contains: alkaloid atropine - blocks cholinergic receptors therefore reducing neural activity.
low dose- initial arousal
medium dose- hallucinations
very high dose - frightening images
known as deadly nightshade or love apples
purple plant
Datura Stramonium
Jimson weed
contains: atropine and scopolamine
produces a feeling of flying, it was absorbed on sticks through the vag(witches).
Henbane
used in orgies
strong smelling herb
Contains: scopolamine and hyoscyamine
Mandragora
mandrake "potent male" contains: atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine plant grew were hanged man's semen fell low dose: depressant, hypnotic drug high dose: hallucinations, delirium
Serotonergic/5-HT hallucinogens definition and drug names
drugs with neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) that produce hallucinogens. LSD Lysergic acid Psilocybin(shrooms) DMT Bufotenine (5-DMT) 5-MeO-DIPT (foxy)
LSD
hoffman ingested a dose of 250 micrograms, “famous trip”.
used in therapies because it made people more open.
odourless, tasteless, colorless, readily absorbed, can cross BBB and placenta.
dose- 50 micrograms.
effects begin at 60 mins, peak at 90mins, and last 5-12 hours.
When was LSD made a schedule 1 drug?
1966
Huge list of effects of LSD:
Wave-like movements Objects move Form constants(see spirals) Synasethesia (see sounds) Distortions in time perception Ego disintegration (melted into the bed) Bad trips Flashbacks (33%) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) tolerance occurs but no physical dependence
Lysergic acid
1/10th potency of LSD but similar.
Found in: ergot (fungus)
lysergic acid amide is restriction of blood flow leading to a warm sensation aka “holyfire” or “st.anothnys fire”
Psilocybin(shrooms)
substance in mushrooms.
dose: 4-8mg for psychoactive effect
dose: 15mg for hallucinations
psilocybin is converted to psilocin
DMT
aka “business man psychedelic”
found in plants.
reddish bark used as snuff.
effects: excitation, numbness, hallucinations
duration: 1 hour
administration: can be taken as a drink but ineffective because its easily metabolized by monoamine oxidase
usually smoked or inhaled
Bufotenine (5-DMT)
found in: plants, fish, toads
ppl use to lick toads to ingest it
side effects: skin turns purple
similar to DMT
5-MeO-DIPT(foxy)
“fake ecstasy”
3-6 hour during
Self administration and CPP in serotonergic drugs
no self administration
yes CPP
Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine and methylated amphetamines) Hallucinogens definition and drug names
modification of amphetamines(adding methyl group) which resembles norepinephrine therefore the drugs have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Mescaline STP MDA MDMA Myristicin and elemincin
Mescaline
norepinephrine type hallucinogens. found in: cactus dose: 3mg/kg stimulant effects dose: 5mg/kg hallucinations effects: weightless,alterations in time side effects: nausea, vomit tolerance occurs
STP
serenity, tranquility, peace
produces euphoria effects at 3-5mg/kg, 10mg-hallucinations
bad trips
MDA
aka “eve”
metabolite of MDMA
dose: 80-160mg, lasts up to 10 hours
enhances emotions
MDMA
use to be an appetite suppressant
tablet or capsule form absorbed in GI tract
dose: 50-200 mg duration: 4-6 hours
effects: positive mood change, increased energy
takes place in “raves”
causes release of serotonin and also blocks re uptake of serotonin there causes prolonged period of serotonergic activation.
brain areas of learning and memory: lowering serotonergic functioning
brain areas of sleep and appetite: excess serotonin release.
serotonin restricts blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Myristicin and elemincin
found in fruit of a tree
weak hallucinogen
Self Admin and CPP
Not self Admin, produces a CPP. Methylated amphetamine (MDMA, MDA) are self admin and CPP.
Amphetamine
stimulant. modifications to this creates many different drugs
