Final Exam Flashcards
Are substances that must be burned/heated in order to be inhaled included as inhalants?
No
What do inhalants include?
volatile hydrocarbons, solvents without any medical use(gasoline,magic markers, nail polish remover), anaesthetic gases with some medical uses(nitrous oxide, chloroform), and a variety of nitrites(amyl, butyl, isobutyl).
In Mexico and South America, whats the daily use of solvents among “street children”
20%
Why are solvents so popular?
low cost, easy availability, ease of concealment, rapid onset of effects
Lifetime use of an inhalant among all canadians aged 15 and older %?
1%
Lulls mixed what together and got what?
alcohol and sulphuric acid and it produced “sweet vitriol”
What way is better to take Ether?
Orally when combined with alcohol
Popular medical form of ether in the late 1800’s?
Hoffman’s Drops - 3 part alcohol, 1 part ether. Popular to women who couldn’t consume alcohol in public.
What was used to get drunk during the anti alcohol campaign in 1800’s in England?
tablespoons of ether, at 1 cent each, were used to get drunk
Is ether abuse rare today?
yes
When was chloroform synthesized?
1831
Is chloroform or ether more potent?
chloroform
What is Nitrous Oxide?
N20- Laughing gas
Who discovered nitrous oxide and when?
Joseph Priestly in 1776.
What are the effects of nitrous oxide?
produces a euphoria that last for several mins followed by a general sense of well being that may last for a few hours.
Other effects: giddiness, dreaminess, ringing in the ears, sense of flying.
Increase or decrease in Nitrous oxide use?
Recently an increase
Common street name for nitrous oxide?
Hippie crack
Dangers of of nitrous oxide?
Neurochemical actions of nitrous oxide?
Hypoxia(lack of oxygen), permanent nerve damage following extended exposure to high levels.
Increase GABA
Is there physical dependence for nitrous oxide?
In mice and rats yes
Do anaesthetic gases increase GABA-mediated inhibition?
yes
What are some household products substance to abuse?
hobby glue, paint thinners, lighter fluid, fingernail polish, felt markers, hairsprays.
What solvent has the highest abuse potential?
Toluene (in glue)
Solvent abuse is highly correlated with what personality disorder?
antisocial
Administration of a solvent?
soaking a cloth with the substance and then inhaling it through the mouth(huffing), or spraying the substance into a bag and inhaling(bagging).
Psychoactive ingredients in solvents are non lipid soluble or lipid soluble?
highly lipid soluble
What does toluene activate?
mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system
Effects of toluene?
Euphorigenic, hallucinogenic and rewarding effects
Does toluene produce a cpp?
yes
What occurs in mice that take toluene?
self administration
Neurochemical actions of toluene?
enhancement of GABA and glycine, and attenuation(weakening) of glutamate
Users of solvents expose themselves to levels __x greater than max allowed industrial use
50
Tolerance and physical dependence of solvents?
Only in animals mainly
Nitrite chemicals physical description
yellow, volatile(evaporates) and flammable liquids with a fruity odour
When were nitrites first synthesized?
1867
How is amyl nitrite available?
only by prescription for treatment of angina pain and congestive heart failure
How is butyl and isobutyl available?
Butyl and Isobutyl nitrite are not used medically but can be mailed, ordered or bought in sex shops
Names of commercially available nitrites include
Aroma of Man, Climax, Cum, Heart on, Locker room, Thrust, and Toilet water
What are abused nitrites often referred to as
poppers because it medical form they come in glass ampules that make a popping sound when broken to get access
Symptoms of Nitrites
relax smooth muscles that control the diameter of the blood vessels, the iris of the eye, and the anal sphincter fixation, delayed ejaculation, headache, flushing, dizziness, physical sense of warmth, giddiness.
Initial effects of Nitrites may be followed by
vomiting and nausea
Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms of Nitrite?
yes
Intake of Nitrites
only intended for inhalation. if taken orally, ingestion can result in reduced oxygen carrying capacity in the blood
How many college students/professional athletes use steroids?
1/3
male and female % of high school students that use steroids
6% male, 2% female
Why do athletes use steroids
to build muscle mass or to speed recovery from training/injury
Muscle dysmorphia
“drive for muscularity”
What is the main building blocks of steroids
cholesterol
Natural steroids in females
Estrogen and progesterone
Steroid released by adrenal glands in response to stress?
cortisol
Types of steroids that are abused
anabolic-androgenic steroids
Why were anabolic-steroids developed
to treat hypogonadism - condition in which the testes do not produce sufficient testosterone for normal growth, development and sexual functioning in males.
Medical uses of anabolic-androgenic steroids are to treat
delayed puberty, impotence(lacking ability/power), wasting diseases in which body muscle is lost(HIV and AIDS)
Anabolic steriods
effective in building muscle mass, particularly in women(upper body)
What does androgenic mean
masculinizing effects
What happens when steroids are taken orally
substantial “first pass” metabolism - large portion will be destroyed in the liver. the drug may be inject to bypass the first metabolism.
Main reason anabolic-androgenic steroids are taken
to increase muscle mass and prevent muscle breakdown
typical medical dose of steroids(androgenic one)
100mg a week
Abusers often take how much a week of steroids?
1000mg a week
From the abusers perspective, the ideal steroid would have
strong anabolic effects, and weak androgenic effects.
build up muscle mass and promote recovery but not produce excessive masculinization
In men and women, use of steroids before growth is complete does what and why
stunted statue(never grow very tall) due to premature “closing over” of the ends of bones caused by the presence of huge amounts of testosterone.
What levels do anabolic steroids lower
lipid carrying proteins in blood
What levels do anabolic steroids increase
harmful cholesterol resulting in increased risk of heart disease
What can steroids do in men
testicular decrease, impaired production of sperm, reduced sexual desire(libido), and painful erections(priapism)
What can steroids do in women
deepening of voice, increased body hair, menstrual irregularity, enlarged clitoris.
Psychiatric consequences of steroid abuse
increased aggression and violence aka roid rage.
What is roid rage
uncontrolled outbursts of aggression. also increase in manic episodes: extremely elevated positive mood, rapid speech, racing thoughts, decreased sleep, impulsiveness
Are anabolic steroids reinforcing/self administered
no, effects are very delayed
Withdrawal/Physical dependence of anabolic steroids?
users do report unsettling symptoms when they stop using. effects: fatigue, depression, loss of appetite, insomnia, headaches
Stimulants
caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine
Earliest naturally occurring plant psychostimulant
ma huang
Ma huang
Chinese herb that comes from a leafless, desert shrub aka horsetail plant
Main active ingredient in ma huang
sympathomimetic ephedrine.
Ephedra
often combined with caffeine, used to be found in certain natural weight loss and energy boosting (ex: Hydroxycut)
Khat
Stimulant leaves of a drug that are chewed. Very common in ethiopia and kenya
Effects of Khat
mild mental stimulation, feelings of contentment, mild psychomotor excitation, suppression of fatigue and the need for sleep, and anorexia.
Active ingredient in Khat
Cathinone.
Physiological dependence in Khat?
yes
Physical dependence of Khat?
not very clear, so no
When did Khat become illegal in canada?
under the controlled drugs and substances act in canada in 1997
Where is Khat still legal?
UK
What is Methcathinone?
slightly modified version of the active ingredient in Khat.
What was methcathinone used for?
to treat depression
Neurochemical actions of methcathinone
causes release of dopamine in VTA and produces a euphoric effect
Self administration in methcathinone?
in animals
Most important plant for CNS stimulant effects
leaves of a coca plant
Where does coca plant live naturally?
Northern part of south america, and southern part of central america.
How high can the coca plant grew and life span ?
10 feet tall and up to 40 years.
Which period was coca cultivation clearly present in?
Inca Empire(1250-1550)
What does coca leaf chewing involve
placing a wad of leaves in the cheek and adding some alkaline substance(crushed sea shells) to increase buccal ph
Finest French wine to extract cocaine from coca leaves
Vin Mariani
Cocaine content in Vin Mariani
7mg/ounce
Imitation drink of Vin Mariani
John Pemberton(1885)- French Wine Cola
Coca Cola
beverage that had soda water and extract of the kola nut instead of wine
What was removed from the coca leaves in Coca Cola
Cocaine. decocainized coca leaves are still used in the production of Coca Cola.
Increasing popularity of cocaine was due to
known as the “cadillac” of drugs, used by the rich and famous
Crack
new form of cocaine in the mid 1980’s
Production of cocaine
coca leaves placed in chemical solvent to extract the cocaine from the leaves
leaves are removed and acid is added to the remaining liquid
Cocaine floats to the top of the liquid and its called coca paste
treatment with oxidizing agents and acids to produce white powder
how many pounds of coca leaves does it take to make 1 pound of cocaine
400 lbs
How is crack related to cocaine
crack is derived from cocaine hydrochloride by treating it with an alkaline solution like water and baking soda.
Crack is sold as ___?
rocks, 65-110mg (75% cocaine) for 3-20$
Effects of crack
euphoria (very short)
Canadian uni students lifetime use %?
past year 2%, decreasing
Amphetamine
substitute for the naturally occurring stimulant ephedrine.
Trade name for amphetamine
Benzedrine(nasal inhaler)
Dexedrine
tablet form of amphetamine. used for the treatment of narcolepsy, weight reduction, and attention deficit disorder.
Why did the military use amphetamines for soldiers
to combat fatigue(peaked during WW2)
How many daily injections of methamphetamine did Hitler get?
8
When was amphetamine listed int he controlled substances act
1971
Early amphetamine use routes
oral or inhalation, some injection use
Speedball
Heroin and amphetamine mixture
Iv administration of amphetamine or methamphetamine produces
a “rush” - whole body orgasm
“speed freak”
individuals that exhibited psychotic behaviour and aggression
Amphetamine/methamphetamine increase or decrease?
decrease, and methamphetamine abuse is increasing in Canada
Phenmetrazine
anti obesity drug Preludin, street name “bam”
amphetamines/methamphetamines popularity
ease of supply
Whats methamphetamine called when its injected? smoked?
crank, ice.
methamphetamines is high in male homosexual community and referred to as
Tina
Stimulants
cocaine, amphetamine, mathamphetamine, cathinone, ephedrine.
all same effects(increased heart rate, body temp, blood pressure,heightened sexuality b/c increased dopamine) except cocaine(constricts blood vessels)
Half life of cocaine
40 mins
half life of amphetamine
8 hours
Cocaethylene(very strong)
breakdown of cocaine when alcohol is present produces this metabolite. It blocks the repute of dopamine as potently as cocaine but it doesn’t activate serotonin very strongly
stimulants do or don’t really increase athletic performance
dont
what do cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine have in common
all psychomotor stimulants because they increase motor behaviour
Hyperactive
First drug effect will be a noticeable increase in motor behaviour (running and rapid/jerky changes in positions)
Slow patterned
actual pace of movement will have slowed but there is now a pattern of moving(moving around a box)
Fast patterened
pace of movement increases, patterns to the movements but with sudden stops and starts
In place, restricted
patterned behaviour is broken up by prolonged periods of remaining in one place and making repetitive movements with the head, legs or entire body(stereotypies)
Lethal dose of cocaine
1-2g if ingested, 80mg if inhaled
lethal dose of methamphetamines
150mg, effective dose around 15mg
Stimulants and ADD
stimulants are effective in the treatment of ADD (80% of cases). they produce a focusing of attention
% of children below the age of 7 with ADD
5%
Symptoms of ADD(ADHD)
inability to focus attention, hyperactivity impulsiveness and acting out
Self administered and Conditioned Place Preference of stimulants
yes in both
Tolerance of stimulants
some stimulant effects increase over the course of repeated administrations, and some effects diminish(aka tolerance).
Tolerance and anorectic effect(reduction in appetite)
it does occur but only in certain conditions. ex: if a stimulant is given repeatedly to a hungry ray, but the rat never has time to eat, tolerance DOES NOT occur. But if the stimulus is given with food present but the rat is not hungry, tolerance DOES DEVELOP.
Contingent tolerance procedure
all 3 conditions (drug, hungry rat, food availability) must be present
Sensitization of stimulants
effect of a drug increases over repeated exposure. a smaller dose starts to act like a much bigger dose, therefore, shift to the left in the dose response curve.
Does sensitization occur in animals for methylphenidate
yes
would sensitization been seen in humans?
yes
animals expecting a stimulant but getting a placebo exhibited what
hypothesized behavioural activation conditioned response
Stimulant Psychosis
stimulants are capable of producing psychotic, schizophrenic like episodes. this can be produced by a single acute administration of a high dose but its MORE LIKELY to occur in individuals who have been taking repeated doses over short period.
also produces obsessive compulsive behaviours in humans.(repeatedly counting the number of rice krispies in a cereal box or cut out 60,000 george Washington’s heads and stick them on a wall)
Psychosis suffers feel..
small insects crawling under skin and pick/claw at the insects. this is formication syndrome or “speed bugs”
Sigmund Freud termed “white snakes”
like “speed bugs”
What causes psychosis
excess dopamine and stimulant increases dopaminergic activity
Physical dependence of stimulants?
not enough evidence
Withdrawal symptoms in monkeys in stimulants
yes
what do GABA neurons do
inhibit the activity of dopamine.
Most important dopamine receptor involving the rewarding effects of stimulants
D1
“Stimulant Blues” (anhedonia)
someone goes on a stimulant binge, using a stimulant at short intervals the rewarding effects of the stimulant will diminish. Person feels depression. totally depletion of dopamine.
Schizophrenia
involves excess dopaminergic activity and dopamine receptor blockers have been used to treat this disorder.
Drug GBR 12909
used for treatment of depression. blocks the reuptake of dopamine and inhibits the release of dopamine. Result: very little euphoria or psychomotor stimulation.
GBR blocks stimulant self administration in rats and monkeys?
yes
Neurotoxic Effects
Long term use of a drug that produces permanent damage to the brain (ex: methamphetamine, amphetamine, methcathinone)
Crack baby
offspring of mothers who used crack during pregnancy, these children suffered substantial, irreversible damage.
How many cocaine users were there in the US in 2007
2.5 million
Drugs used for treatment of stimulant addiction
Vigabatrin(GABA) - stimulants
vaccine for cocaine abuse - results in the production of cocaine antibodies
cocaine molecules bind to the antibody and cannot cross the BBB
Sedative-Hypnotic
drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system and has medical uses of relieving anxiety and inducing sleep
what % of the population has had a disorder classified as anxiety
2-4%
Anxiolytics
substances designed to alleviate the feelings of anxiety. They: depress the central nervous system, induce sleep, and dull awareness.
Earliest anxiolytic
ethanol(alcohol) - many side effects, physical dependence, liver disease, brain damage
Potassium Bromide
sedative drug - calming and soothing effects. now theres a discontinue due to toxicity because bromides are slowly excreted by the kidneys
half life of KBr
12 days
Chloral Hydrate
MARILYN MONROE USED IT. 1832. abuse continues today. It was combined with alcohol to produce “knock out drops” or “mickey finn”
knock out drops/Mickey Finn
used to render a female unconscious then they can engage in sex with the drugged victim. “date rape” drug
Paraldehyde
used as a sedative and used to control alcohol withdrawal. taste bad, large % is expired via lungs
Main compound for barbiturates
malonic acid(acid in apples) and urea. malonylurea, aka barbituric acid
First modification of barbituric acid
1903, Fischer, two ethyl(C2H5) groups replaced the hydrogens in position 5. Diethylbarbituric acid
Diethylbarbituric acid general and trade name
general: Barbital
trade: Veronal
How are barbiturates classified
according to the speed of onset and duration of action which are influenced by lipid solubility
Long acting barbiturates
onset: 1 hour
duration: 6 hours
compound: phenobarbital - tablets, capsules, liquid
Intermediate-acting barbiturates
onset: 30 min
duration of action: 4-6 hours
compound: amobarbital(amytal)
amytal is used as a “truth serum”
Short-acting barbiturates
onset: 15 mins
duration of action: 1-4 hours
compound: pentobarbital and secobarbital
ultra short-acting barbiturates
IV anesthetics
compounds: hexobarbital and thiopental
Hygeia
article to make people aware of the extent of barbiturate drugs and to advise people to use them only under doctors prescription
When did barbiturate abuse peak
late 1950’s and early 1960’s. typically used by caucasian female, 30-50, middle or upper economic class
Main reason for decline of barbiturates
introduction of benzodiazepines
street name for barbiturates
downers
street name for stimulants
uppers
Street names for specific barbiturates refer to the color of the tablet
amobarbital - blue ___
pentobarbital - yellow ___
secobarbital - red ____
tuinal - CHRISTMAS TRESS OR RAINBOWS
barbiturate effects
relaxation reduction of anxiety euphoria sedation, drowsiness coma at higher doses
Main effect of barbiturates on the CNS
to depress neuronal activity. they enhance inhibitory actions of GABA
what do barbiturates attenuate(reduce the force)
glutamate transmission
Glutamate transmission
involved in memory formation and attenuation of glutamate transmission
Tolerance and barbiturates?
yes
Physical dependence and barbiturates
yes, characterized by a classic and consistent set of symptoms in virtually all users undergoing detoxification
Withdrawal symptoms of barbiturates
symptoms began 24 hours after drug termination: fainting, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, confusion, delusions, auditory, convulsions.
death rate % of barbiturate withdrawal
5%
self admin and cpp with barbiturates
yes self admin, no cpp
barbiturates and teratological effects
abnormal neural and biochemical differentiation of the CNS, deficits in learning, PHYSIOLOGICAL SEX DIFFERENCES (guys become feminized)
Non Barbiturate sedative hypnotic drugs
methaqualone
Methaqualone
synthesized in India as an antimalarial drug. Had calming effects and later use as an anxiolytic. Now a schedule 1(no medical use, high abuse potential) drug in US.
Gives a herion like high
jimi hendrix, elvis presley died from this
street name for methaqualone
ludes, disco biscuits, or “the love drug” (enhances sex for females, not males)
Luding out
take a few ludes and consume a lot of alcohol
Most commonly used illegal drug in South Africa
Methaqualone
Physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms for methaqualone?
yes and yes
Propanediols
Mephenesin carbamate - produced a muscle relaxation from which animals could be easily aroused. It is rapidly metabolized in the liver.
duration of action: short
Meprobamate
tranquilizer, its a good anxiolytic
How did meprobamate differ from barbiturates
induced a tranquil state without suppression of CNS excitation
Physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms of meprobamate
yes and yes
Benzodiazepine
RO-5-0690
generic name: chlordiazepoxide
trade name: Librium
Another benzodiazepine
Valium
Useful screening test
when all drugs currently used to treat a condition produce a similar outcome in a particular test
Screening tests for anxiolytics
1) Elevated Plus Maze - rats undrugged, stay in the walled spaces, but rats drugged that have anxiolytic potential, go to the unwalled spaces and therefore the drug has anxiolytics.
2) Geller-Seifter Procedure - schedule of reinforcement. Undrugged rats quickly learn to press whenever the V1 schedule is in effective and signalled by a different coloured light. When an animal is given the drug, it will lever press even if the FR schedule is in effect
Anxiolytics produced a “release from punishment”
long acting benzodiazepines
half life: 60 hours
common ones: Valium, Librium
Intermediate acting benzodiazepines
common ones: Ativan, Klonopin, Rohypnol
Rohypnol
known as “roofies” - used as a date rape drug
Short acting benzodiazepines
common ones: Versed, Serax, Xanax
sleep inducing agents
Minor tranquilizers
Benzodiazepines
Major tranquilizers
antipsychotics
What do Benzodiazepines interfere with
learning and memory (produces amnesia)
are benzodiazepines useful with alcohol withdrawal
yes, reduce neural excitability
benzodiazepines and tolerance and physical dependence
yes and yes
Symptoms associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal
increased neuronal excitation(tremors to seizures), agitation and potential aggressive outburst
Self admin and cpp of benzodiazepine
no self admin, yes cpp
GHB trade name
Xyrem
GHB
sedative hypnotic - similar effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines
its called liquid ecstasy (easy lay)
date rape drug
Opiates
“narcotics”
Papaver somniferum (opiate) height and color and what comes from this
4 feet, red, pink, white or purple
poppy seeds come from this plant(no psychoactive substances)
opiates are used as ____?
analgesics (to relieve pain)
Opium
unrefined, gummy, brown residue –> form of opiates
whats opium collected from?
a poppy seed
Laudanum
medicinal drink containing opium, wine and other spices
Opium consumption is usually done by
smoking
Opium war (1840’s)
the british importation of indian opium into china
Morphium
principal active ingredient in opium
Soldiers disease
first widespread incidence of opiate addiction
Practice women did who were forbidden to drink alcohol
consumption of opium by drinking of “patent medicines”
main reasons for opiate ban
trade violated christian ideals
chinese were making huge profits
use as increasing among caucasian men and women
King’s reports eventually lead to the passage of the first drug legislation in Canada the _____ Act
1908 Opium Act
What did the 1908 opium act allow
made it illegal to import, manufacture, or sell opium for non medical purposes. Possession or use were not made illegal.
1911 Opium and Drug Act
made possessions a crime, expanded police powers of search and seizure, and made cocaine an illegal substance
What did Murphy do
wrote the first anti drug book in Canada “ the black candle”
1920 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act
was passed as the 1929 opium and narcotic drug act:
physicians had to keep records of all opiates dispensed
cannabis was included
stiffer penalties included
Subsequent drug legislation was passed in what year
1954
Where does the opium poppy grow today
southeast asia, austrailia, mexico, india, iran, afghanistan, china, spain, turkey, south america
How is opium prepared
by drying and powdering the thick, gummy, bitter tasting brown substance that smells like newly mown hay.
How many active alkaloids in opium
25 (morphine, codeine, thebaine
compare codeine and morphine
codeine has less pharmacological activity than morphine
is heroin a naturally occurring opiate in opium
NOPE
Heroin
added two acetyl groups to morphine. much more lipid soluble and less ionized and gains access to the CNS more readily. use to be used as a nonaddictive analgesic good for coughs and chest pains.(1898)
Which is more pleasurable and potent, heroin or morphine
heroin
Oxycodone
synthesized from a non analgesic in opium
OxyContin
long acting preparation intended for the treatment of chronic pain: poor mans heroin or hillbilly heroin
street prices are ___x prescription prices
10x
read things on page 156
do it
Opiate antagonists and examples
drugs with similar structure to that of the opiates but produce no pharmacological activity of their own.
examples: naloxone, naltrexone
Naloxone
opiate antagonist
onset: few mins
duration: 30 mins
amount(in mg) of heroin sold on streets
100 mg of white powder
RCMP value or 1 gram of heroin
$180-1200$
Leading cause of accidental death in the US
prescription abuse of opiates
canadian uni students lifetime non medical use of opiates %
5%
Most common method of route for heroin
IV
most common method overall of opiates administration
oral
opiate effects
read page 157-158
self admin and cpp of opiates
yes gradual administration increase over weeks due to opiates increase in dopamine release in the VTA. yes to cpp. oxycodone in doses 0.32-5.0 mg/kg lead to a cpp.
Mu opiate receptors
involved in almost all opiate effects. greatest concentration of Mu receptors is in the locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the medulla. In the VTA, opiate occupation of Mu receptors leads to inhibition of GABA neurons which inhibit dopamine neurons.
Sigma opiate receptors
may mediate dysphoria(unease) and hallucinations.
Delta receptors
main backup opiate receptor and cooperates with Mu receptors in producing most opiate effects.
endorphins
endogenous peptides that act as agonists at opiate receptor sites
opiates tolerance and physical dependence
yes tolerance occurs to most, occurs slowly. Physical dependence developed if opiates are taken regularly for a good amount of time.
opiate tolerance study
rats prepared with chronic indwelling catheters allowing for infusions of heroin. infused with heroin when in context of set of “predrug” cues, and on other occasions, they were infused with saline. also a group of rats that didn’t receive any heroin(just saline both times). final test: all rats were given large dose of heroin, tolerance did occur. when the overdose was administered with the predrug cues, were few animals died!! interesting!!
opiate withdrawal symptoms resemble ___ symptoms
flu. not very severe.
what do you do to get rid of a withdrawal symptom
administer the drug
are most opiate dependent persons in treatment?
no
whats the scenario for people who are in opiate treatment
revolving door. enter, complete treatment, released and relapse. (81% relapse)
Treatment for heroin addiction
methadone maintenance, trade name: dolorphine
dose methadone produce physical dependence ?
yes
Who is methadone maintenance for?
patients that are physically dependent and who have been using for a long period of time (2 years). patients must be drug free before doing treatment
What is the methadone maintenance process
given 50-100mg in orange per day
