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Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

5 approaches to criminology

A 
Legal
Moral
Social
Humanistic
Social Contructionist
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2
Q

Legal Approach

A

Crime is behaviour prohibited by criminal code

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3
Q

Moral Approach

A

Crime is what is morally wrong and provokes punishment but may not be against the law

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4
Q

Social Approach

A

Crime is behaviour that violates social norms

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5
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Crime is behaviour that denies basic human rights

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6
Q

Social Constructionist Approach

A

Crime is behaiour determined by the powerful people. Most successful when it is agreed upon

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7
Q

What is the difference between modern and ancient thinking in criminology?

A

Modern thinking is to fix the individual. Ancient thinking is to deal with the criminal to heal the community.

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8
Q

4 Scientific studies of criminology

A

Biological positivism
Sociological positivism
Psychological positivism
Criminological other

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9
Q

Biological Positivism

A

Lomboso: Criminals are biologically different with different physical characteristics

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10
Q

Sociological Positivism

A

Chicago School: Socioeconomic characteristics leading to criminality.

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11
Q

Zone of Transition

A

Inner city. High mobility area causes high crime rates

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12
Q

Psychological Positivism

A

Psychological characteristics that make a person criminal

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13
Q

Criminological Other

A

By associating personal charcteristics with criminality, we priveledge some kinds of criminals over others. Ethnic minorities are now the focus of courts

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14
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

Crimes are committed as a rational choice, weighing the benefits against costs

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15
Q

Downfall of rational choice theory

A

Criminals are not ususally rational people

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16
Q

Social Control Theory

A

What environmental factors promote criminality

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17
Q

4 factors of social control theory

A

Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

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18
Q

Attachment

A

The more relationships a person has, the less likely they are to commit crime

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19
Q

Commitment

A

How invested a person is in their relationships

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20
Q

Involvement

A

How involved a person is in non- criminal activities

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21
Q

Belief

A

How much a person believes that crime is bad

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22
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

People commit crime because they feel deprived in comparison to others

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23
Q

Hegemonic Masculinity

A

Men are more likely to commit crimes due to societal expectations of gender

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24
Q

More likely victims

A

Young poor men who live alone and are thnic minorities

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25
Most visible victims
People percieved as vulnerable, especially elderly women
26
Deviant Behaviour
Problematic behaviour that is not against the law
27
3 problems with defining crime by law
Puts law above social processes Laws change over time Can only study those who have been caught
28
3 determining elements of crime
Harm Social agreement that harm has been done Official societal response
29
Positivism
Social relations and events that can be studied scientifically to explain and predict patterns of social behaviour
30
Who created social physics
August Comte
31
3 characteristics of criminology
Differentiation Pathology Determinism
32
Differentiation
Desire to measure differences between individuals and their behaviour
33
Pathology
Assigning abnormality to those differences
34
Determinism
Understand how factors beyond control of people effect their behaviour
35
Atavism
Darwin described abnormalities as a throwback to an earlier stage of development
36
Who noted physical characteristics of prisoners
Lomboso
37
What are Lomboso's 4 criminal types
Insane Opportunist Passionate Born Criminal
38
What criminal type is truly atavistic
Born Criminal
39
Wilson and Herrstein's 3 factors contributing to criminality
Constitution Social and psychological reinforcers Conscience
40
Which offenders are doubly deviant?
Women are both in arrested development and atavistic according to darwin
41
Concentric Zone Theory
Zones with different socioeconomic characteristics radiate from the centre of the city
42
Social Disorganization
Highly transitional social life leads to high rates of crime
43
What is the root of crime according to the Chicago school?
Social disorganization
44
What does sociological positivism assume is the criminals?
Working class, male minority
45
Victim Proneness
Hentig: People's characteristics make them more likely to be victims
46
Victim Culpability
Mendelsohn: Typology of victim ranging from completely innocent, to starting as a perpetrator and ending as a victim
47
Positivistic Victimology
Factors contributing to a non random pattern of victimization to identify victims who may have contributed to their own victimization
48
Politicised
Justifying criminal justice and punishment
49
Criminal Victimisation Survey
Measure nature and extent of criminal victimization according to personal characteristics and lifestyle
50
What does the criminal victimisation survey say is most likely to be a victim
Young males because they put themselves in more high risk situations in their lifestyles
51
What are the 2 factors leading to victimisation according to the survey
Exposure to risk | Vulnerability
52
What percentage of serial killers are male
95%
53
4 constructs of Holmes typology of serial killing
Visionary Missionary Hedonistic Power and control
54
Visionary
Responding to voices and hallucinations
55
Missionary
Rid the world of a particular problem group
56
Hedonistic
Kill for lust, thrills, comfort
57
Power and Control
Power over life and death
58
What typology of serial killing was harold shipman a part of?
Power and control
59
What typology is where sexual motivtion is the most obvious?
Hedonistic
60
Evolutionary Crime
Humans adapt to environment and adaptions also occur at the psychological level
61
Why is sex a motivator for male action?
Reflects our evolutionary desire to continue the species
62
What are the two drivers of male behaviour?
Sexual jealousy | Sexual Rivalry
63
Masculinity
Struggle to master and control nature
64
Classical Criminology
Interests lie in maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain- weighing costs against benefits
65
3 factors of the Routine Activity Approach
Motivated offender Potential Victim Absence of capable guardian
66
Right realism
Crime is a product of individuals, not social structures
67
Social Control Theory
Effect of society on people's behaviour. Focus on social rather than individual differences
68
What is the centre of motivation in Social Control Theory
Fear of consequence keeps people restrained
69
4 components of the social bond theory that sustain or threaten relationships
Attachment Comittment Involvement Belief
70
Left Realism
Crime is focused on the most vulnerable sections of the community
71
Square of Crime
Victim Offender Formal Agencies Public Reaction
72
Ideal Victim
Completely innocent, good person, is attacked by stranger
73
Hierarchy of Victimization
Media readiness to cover some victims over others
74
4 social variables of criminal victimization
Social Class Age Gender Ethnicity
75
Radical Feminism
Trying to understand and end male dominance, and how society helps sustain this oppression
76
Primary Victimization
Direct impact that crime has on the victim
77
Secondary Victimization
How criminal justice system responds to victim
78
Indirect Victimization
Effect on close people to victim
79
When was Lysisas 1 written?
Between 403 and 380 BCE
80
Metic
Resident Alien
81
how many speeches and titles from Lysias have survived?
34 speeches and 130 titles
82
What is the other name for Lysias 1?
On the murder of eratosthenes
83
What language was Lysias 1 written in?
Attic Greek
84
Who was the plaintiff in Lysias1?
The family of Eratosthenes
85
Who was the defendant in Lysias 1?
Euphilitos
86
Who was lysias father
kyphelos
87
who was lysias brother
polemarchos
88
What were the years of the pelopponesian war?
431- 404 BCE
89
What year did Athens invade Sicily?
415
90
What was Lysias' occupation?
Logographer
91
What were the 4 exceptions to Dracos homicide law
Athletic Contest Fight on the highway Battle Sex with mother, daughter, sister, wife who could produce children
92
What is the lawful punishment for adultery?
Pay damages
93
What kind of violence is considered heroic?
Violence done to outsiders
94
Who is the main character in Gorgias
Socrates
95
When was Socrates alive?
469- 399 BCE
96
Who was Socrates wife
Xanthippe
97
What 3 battles did Socrates fight in?
Delia Potedeia Amphibulus
98
Pritanes
Presidents: 50 people run the assembly for 1/10 of the year
99
Epistates
Foreman: Leader for the day chosen by lot
100
When was Socrates the epistates
When assembly was voting on generals of Arginusae
101
Where were the Arginusai
Small islands between Lespos and Asia minor
102
When was the Arginusi battle
406
103
What happened at the battle of Argunisi
Athens won battle against Sparta but storm prevented them from rescuing survivors
104
How did Socrates vote on the generals of Argunisi?
Voted they were innocent because you could not try people as a group
105
Sophes
Teachers of rhetoric
106
What was Socrates convicted of and when?
399- Impeity
107
What did Socrates propose as a punishment
To be given free meals by the state. And then he changed it to paying a fine
108
When did Plato live?
429- 347 BCE
109
What school did Plato start?
The Academy
110
Who was Gorgias
A sophe from Leontini in 485- 380 BCE
111
When was Gorgias the epistatis?
406
112
When was Gorgias written
Between 399- 347

Classics 2301 (3 decks)

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