Midterm 2

Question 1

p-waves

Answer 1

fastest; body wave; back/forth compressional slinky motion

Question 2

s-waves

Answer 2

2nd fastest; body wave; up/down shaking motion

Question 3

l-waves

Answer 3

3rd fastest; surface wave; side-to-side snake motion

Question 4

r-waves

Answer 4

slowest; surface waves; circular churning motion

Question 5

What are four hazards of earthquakes?

Answer 5

Landslides, fire, liquefaction, and tsunamis

Question 6

What are two precursors to earthquakes?

Answer 6

Clustered foreshocks and crustal strain

Question 7

What four processes cause mountains to form?

Answer 7

Continental collision, subduction, rifting, and volcanic mountains

Question 8

What are four principles of stratigraphy?

Answer 8

Layers are deposited horizontally, age increases with depth, inclusions are always older than enclosing material, and any material that cuts across a rock is younger than the rock itself

Question 9

In what era does the fossil record start?

Answer 9

Phanerozoic

Question 10

Archean

Answer 10

continental crust formed

Question 11

Proterozoic

Answer 11

Atmosphere developed, O2 increased, triggered Cambrian explosion

Question 12

Paleozoic

Answer 12

Pangea formed; transgressions and regressions form sedimentary rock in North America

Question 13

Mesozoic

Answer 13

Pangea breaks up; era of large dinosaurs; warm climate

Question 14

Cenozoic

Answer 14

Numerous continental collisions and mountain building events; cooler climate, several ice ages

Question 15

What are the four requirements for oil reserves?

Answer 15

1) source rock (organic shale); 2) migratory pathway (source rock is not permeable enough to pump directly from); 3) reservoir rock (high permeability and high porosity); 4) trap (little to no permeability; ex: anticline, salt dome, fault, or stratigraphic)