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EARTHSC 1100 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Earth’s overall composition

A

Mostly Iron, Oxygen is second

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2
Q

Crust composition

A

Mostly oxygen, Silicon is second

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3
Q

Distinction b/w crust and mantle

A

chemical

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4
Q

Distinction b/w lithosphere and asthenosphere

A

temperature

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5
Q

Most abundant class of minerals

A

silicates

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6
Q

3 rock types listed in relative abundance, most to least

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

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7
Q

Types of sedimentary rock and describe

A

Clastic (Solid grains cemented together)
Biochemical (shells of organisms)
Organic (carbon-rich remnants of plants)
Chemical (minerals precipitated from water)

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8
Q

Type of rock is sandstone

A

clastic

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9
Q

Type of rock is shale

A

clastic

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10
Q

Transgression

A

flooding due to sea level rise

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11
Q

Regression

A

exposure due to sea level fall

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12
Q

What are 3 types of volcanos listed in relative sizes, largest to smallest

A

Shield, Strato, Cinder

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13
Q

What kind of lava comes from shield volcanos?

A

Low-viscosity basaltic lava

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14
Q

What type of lava comes from cinder volcanos?

A

Either

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15
Q

What type of lava comes from strato volcanos?

A

Explosive, rhyolitic

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16
Q

What is the chemical difference b/w continental and oceanic hot spots?

A

Continental hot spots have more silicon, more felsic

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17
Q

What are 4 kinds of earthquake waves listed in relative speed from fastest to slowest, and what are their motions?

A

P-waves - compressional
S-waves - shear/up-down
L-waves - like a snake
R-waves - rotational

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18
Q

Fault

A

break in rock with displacement

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19
Q

Joint

A

Break in rock but no displacement

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20
Q

Fold

A

bending of rock

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21
Q

What are three types of stresses and describe them?

A

Fault-scarp: normal faulting after an earthquake
Graben: down-dropped block of Earth’s crust
Craton: crust that hasn’t been deformed

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22
Q

What occurred during the Cambrian explosion and when?

A

Hard shelled organisms; 500 million years ago

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23
Q

What is the dominant gas in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

24
Q

How is pressure related to elevation?

A

Pressure decreases as elevation increases

25
Q

How do we determine relative ages?

A

Stratigraphy, fossil record

26
Q

How do we determine absolute ages?

A

Radiometric dating

27
Q

How long will oil reserves last?

A

50-100 years

28
Q

What do oil reserves require?

A

Source rock (shale; not permeable enough to drill directly from)
Migratory pathway
Reservoir rock (high porosity, high permeability)
Trap (low permeability)

29
Q

How does water flow?

A

High pressure to low pressure

30
Q

What is hydraulic gradient?

A

How fast potentiometric surface is changing (slope)

31
Q

What is hydraulic conductivity?

A

permeability

32
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

watershed

33
Q

What is a cutoff?

A

The remaining stream after an oxbow lake is formed

34
Q

What two processes drive atmospheric flow?

A

Hadley convection cells and Coriolis effect

35
Q

Describe storms

A

Cyclones move counter-clockwise in northern hemisphere and have a low-pressure center. Causes air to converge, causes uplift, causes air to cool and release water

36
Q

Describe the process that dominates glacier flow in temperature mountain glaciers

A

Basal sliding; liquid underneath glacier causes it to move

37
Q

Describe the process that dominates glacier flow in polar glaciers

A

Internal flow; plastic deformation, rearrangement of water molecules

38
Q

Accumulation

A

More ice going in than out

39
Q

Ablamation

A

More ice going out than in

40
Q

Glacial advance

A

Glacier spreading out

41
Q

Glacial retreat

A

Glacier going away

42
Q

Moraines

A

Sediment and debris transported by glaciers

43
Q

Ocean salinity percentage

A

3.5%

44
Q

Temperature of oceans

A

One degree Celsius

45
Q

Thermohaline circulation driven by…

A

salinity and temperature

46
Q

Downwelling and upwelling caused by

A

Winds

47
Q

Current flow clockwise in northern hemis. and counter in southern hemis. caused by…

A

Coriolis effect

48
Q

Neap tides

A

Sun and moon are not aligned

49
Q

Spring tides

A

Sun and moon are aligned

50
Q

Average annual rainfall over land

A

750mm/yr

51
Q

Percentage of precip that becomes runoff

A

40%

52
Q

What two factors determine runoff ratio?

A

Radiation and precip

53
Q

How much have global temps increased?

A

1 degree C

54
Q

How much has CO2 increased?

A

25%

55
Q

How much have ocean levels risen over 100 years?

A

150mm

EARTHSC 1100 (2 decks)

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