Final

Question 1

Earth’s overall composition

Answer 1

Mostly Iron, Oxygen is second

Question 2

Crust composition

Answer 2

Mostly oxygen, Silicon is second

Question 3

Distinction b/w crust and mantle

Answer 3

chemical

Question 4

Distinction b/w lithosphere and asthenosphere

Answer 4

temperature

Question 5

Most abundant class of minerals

Answer 5

silicates

Question 6

3 rock types listed in relative abundance, most to least

Answer 6

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

Question 7

Types of sedimentary rock and describe

Answer 7

Clastic (Solid grains cemented together)
Biochemical (shells of organisms)
Organic (carbon-rich remnants of plants)
Chemical (minerals precipitated from water)

Question 8

Type of rock is sandstone

Answer 8

clastic

Question 9

Type of rock is shale

Answer 9

clastic

Question 10

Transgression

Answer 10

flooding due to sea level rise

Question 11

Regression

Answer 11

exposure due to sea level fall

Question 12

What are 3 types of volcanos listed in relative sizes, largest to smallest

Answer 12

Shield, Strato, Cinder

Question 13

What kind of lava comes from shield volcanos?

Answer 13

Low-viscosity basaltic lava

Question 14

What type of lava comes from cinder volcanos?

Answer 14

Either

Question 15

What type of lava comes from strato volcanos?

Answer 15

Explosive, rhyolitic

Question 16

What is the chemical difference b/w continental and oceanic hot spots?

Answer 16

Continental hot spots have more silicon, more felsic

Question 17

What are 4 kinds of earthquake waves listed in relative speed from fastest to slowest, and what are their motions?

Answer 17

P-waves - compressional
S-waves - shear/up-down
L-waves - like a snake
R-waves - rotational

Question 18

Fault

Answer 18

break in rock with displacement

Question 19

Joint

Answer 19

Break in rock but no displacement

Question 20

Fold

Answer 20

bending of rock

Question 21

What are three types of stresses and describe them?

Answer 21

Fault-scarp: normal faulting after an earthquake
Graben: down-dropped block of Earth’s crust
Craton: crust that hasn’t been deformed

Question 22

What occurred during the Cambrian explosion and when?

Answer 22

Hard shelled organisms; 500 million years ago

Question 23

What is the dominant gas in the atmosphere?

Answer 23

Nitrogen

Question 24

How is pressure related to elevation?

Answer 24

Pressure decreases as elevation increases

Question 25

How do we determine relative ages?

Answer 25

Stratigraphy, fossil record

Question 26

How do we determine absolute ages?

Answer 26

Radiometric dating

Question 27

How long will oil reserves last?

Answer 27

50-100 years

Question 28

What do oil reserves require?

Answer 28

Source rock (shale; not permeable enough to drill directly from) Migratory pathway Reservoir rock (high porosity, high permeability) Trap (low permeability)

Question 29

How does water flow?

Answer 29

High pressure to low pressure

Question 30

What is hydraulic gradient?

Answer 30

How fast potentiometric surface is changing (slope)

Question 31

What is hydraulic conductivity?

Answer 31

permeability

Question 32

What is a drainage basin?

Answer 32

watershed

Question 33

What is a cutoff?

Answer 33

The remaining stream after an oxbow lake is formed

Question 34

What two processes drive atmospheric flow?

Answer 34

Hadley convection cells and Coriolis effect

Question 35

Describe storms

Answer 35

Cyclones move counter-clockwise in northern hemisphere and have a low-pressure center. Causes air to converge, causes uplift, causes air to cool and release water

Question 36

Describe the process that dominates glacier flow in temperature mountain glaciers

Answer 36

Basal sliding; liquid underneath glacier causes it to move

Question 37

Describe the process that dominates glacier flow in polar glaciers

Answer 37

Internal flow; plastic deformation, rearrangement of water molecules

Question 38

Accumulation

Answer 38

More ice going in than out

Question 39

Ablamation

Answer 39

More ice going out than in

Question 40

Glacial advance

Answer 40

Glacier spreading out

Question 41

Glacial retreat

Answer 41

Glacier going away

Question 42

Moraines

Answer 42

Sediment and debris transported by glaciers

Question 43

Ocean salinity percentage

Answer 43

3.5%

Question 44

Temperature of oceans

Answer 44

One degree Celsius

Question 45

Thermohaline circulation driven by...

Answer 45

salinity and temperature

Question 46

Downwelling and upwelling caused by

Answer 46

Winds

Question 47

Current flow clockwise in northern hemis. and counter in southern hemis. caused by...

Answer 47

Coriolis effect

Question 48

Neap tides

Answer 48

Sun and moon are not aligned

Question 49

Spring tides

Answer 49

Sun and moon are aligned

Question 50

Average annual rainfall over land

Answer 50

750mm/yr

Question 51

Percentage of precip that becomes runoff

Answer 51

40%

Question 52

What two factors determine runoff ratio?

Answer 52

Radiation and precip

Question 53

How much have global temps increased?

Answer 53

1 degree C

Question 54

How much has CO2 increased?

Answer 54

25%

Question 55

How much have ocean levels risen over 100 years?

Answer 55

150mm