Midterm #2 Flashcards
Which was the first major world religion founded on the belief in only one god?
Judaism
Which is the oldest major world religion?
Hinduism
Folk culture is defined as what?
The way of life of a small, isolated community
What controls folk culture, and what is strongly resisted?
Tradition; change
Aspects of folk culture are:
- Folk lore (oral traditions: genealogy & creation stories)
- Folk medicine
- Folk art/music/dance
No pure folk cultures exist in the US due to:
- Mass communication
- Industrialisation (mass production)
- Urbanisation (mass living)
- Mobility
- Public education
“Urban-based mass population” is known as what?
Popular culture
Popular culture abandons old ______ and conforms to new ones.
Trends
In popular culture, is self-sufficiency decreased or increased?
Decreased
Popular culture is more dependent on what industry?
Service industry
What sort of technology is increased because of popular culture?
Industrial technology
Mass production leads to __________.
Uniformity
Popular culture began, in general, with the invention of what?
Printing press
Uniformity is perpetuated by what?
- The franchise
2. Commercial advertising
Cultures make a distinct ________ on the landscape as they fashion the raw material of ________________________.
Impression; the natural landscape
Certain landmarks take on special significance in the __________, _______________, & ____________ of a country.
Identity; emotions; politics
Why is there a distinct difference in the layout of fields and cities as one flies over North America?
They stem from different land survey systems.
Systems for claiming and allotting land was the task of what?
A charter group
What was the land division system brought to the US from England?
The metes-and-bounds system
Which group established land division policies in the Atlantic Seaboard colonies?
The English
What was the metes-and-bounds systems based on?
The layout of the land, including landform or water features, trees, and rocks.
What are topographic road patterns?
Routes controlled by the contours of the land.
The Public Land Survey System (Township and Range) was adopted in what year?
1785.
How many acres were given as free land under the Homestead Act?
160 acres
The French tradition of public land survey is known as the ___________ system
Long-lot
Which other country’s colonists introduced a similar style of French land survey in New Mexico & Texas?
Spain
In much of the world, farmers historically lived in small, agricultural villages creating a ________________.
Clustered, rural population
The French & Hispanic long lots encouraged _____________________________ along river or road frontage.
The alignment of closely-spaced farmsteads
The New England villages had a distinctive pattern of ________ _______ & __________ __________.
Nucleated agricultural villages; fragmented farms
The pattern of streets, blocks, and lots exerts a major influence on the ________ & _________ ________ of urban settlements.
Feel; social life
How long ago, and by whom, was the rectangular grid system devised?
The Greeks; 5th century BC
The best known rectangular street grid is in what city?
Manhattan / New York
Language is defined as what?
Communication of ideas, attitudes, or intent through signs, sounds, or gestures
There are how many languages & dialects estimated worldwide?
Sub-Saharan Africa?
Europe?
Papua New Guinea?
6000
1500
200
800
In the past, there were many thousands of languages due to what two factors?
Isolation & minimal interaction
The language spoken by the most people as a first language is what?
Mandarin
The language spoken by the most people globally is what?
English
Language development consists of what two actions?
Borrowing: taking words from other languages
Coinage: creating completely new words or phrases
Language has spatial variations due to:
Diffusion, isolation, time-distance decay
Dialect is made up of differences in what?
Pronunciation; vocabulary; speed; rhythm.
Dialects serve as a __________.
Dialects denote _______________.
Dialects denote _______________.
Dialects may denote ______________.
Territorial identity
Insiders vs. outsiders
Social class
Education level
Accent is defined as what?
Sound of the mother tongue/first language
Language diffusion is a result of what two things?
Migration & conquest.
English has roots in which languages?
German, French, Scandinavian, Latin, Greek
When two languages are mixed, they create what kind of language? When that language is learned as a first language, it is then called what?
Pidgin; creole
Toponyms are what?
Place names
Toponomy is:
The study of place names
Religion is defined as what?
An organized system of faith or worship with belief in one or more supreme beings
What is perhaps the strongest aspect of a culture?
Religion
Development and diffusion of religion is ________.
Spatial
Religions are what sort of innovations?
Cultural
Universalizing religions are characterized by what aspects?
Open to all
Membership drive, recruitment
Symbolic commitment
Global
Ethnic religions are characterized by what aspects?
Members only by birth or adoption of lifestyle Strong cultural identification Territorial Does not recruit members (Judaism, Hindu, Shinto)
Tribal religions are characterized by what aspects?
Close ties to nature/the environment "Animists" - life exists in all objects "Shaman" Geographically isolated, but changing (Africa, once 100% tribal; now 40% Muslim, 50% Christian, 10% still tribal)
The four varieties of supernatural beliefs are what?
Ritual; contagious magic (an act with something that has come into contact with a person or animal); sequential magic (belief that events occur associated with a sequence or specific number; superstitious); divination (forecasting future events).
