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Cultural Geography > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Which was the first major world religion founded on the belief in only one god?

A

Judaism

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1
Q

Which is the oldest major world religion?

A

Hinduism

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2
Q

Folk culture is defined as what?

A

The way of life of a small, isolated community

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3
Q

What controls folk culture, and what is strongly resisted?

A

Tradition; change

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4
Q

Aspects of folk culture are:

A
  • Folk lore (oral traditions: genealogy & creation stories)
  • Folk medicine
  • Folk art/music/dance
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5
Q

No pure folk cultures exist in the US due to:

A
  1. Mass communication
  2. Industrialisation (mass production)
  3. Urbanisation (mass living)
  4. Mobility
  5. Public education
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6
Q

“Urban-based mass population” is known as what?

A

Popular culture

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7
Q

Popular culture abandons old ______ and conforms to new ones.

A

Trends

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8
Q

In popular culture, is self-sufficiency decreased or increased?

A

Decreased

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9
Q

Popular culture is more dependent on what industry?

A

Service industry

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10
Q

What sort of technology is increased because of popular culture?

A

Industrial technology

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11
Q

Mass production leads to __________.

A

Uniformity

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12
Q

Popular culture began, in general, with the invention of what?

A

Printing press

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13
Q

Uniformity is perpetuated by what?

A
  1. The franchise

2. Commercial advertising

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14
Q

Cultures make a distinct ________ on the landscape as they fashion the raw material of ________________________.

A

Impression; the natural landscape

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15
Q

Certain landmarks take on special significance in the __________, _______________, & ____________ of a country.

A

Identity; emotions; politics

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16
Q

Why is there a distinct difference in the layout of fields and cities as one flies over North America?

A

They stem from different land survey systems.

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17
Q

Systems for claiming and allotting land was the task of what?

A

A charter group

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18
Q

What was the land division system brought to the US from England?

A

The metes-and-bounds system

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19
Q

Which group established land division policies in the Atlantic Seaboard colonies?

A

The English

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20
Q

What was the metes-and-bounds systems based on?

A

The layout of the land, including landform or water features, trees, and rocks.

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21
Q

What are topographic road patterns?

A

Routes controlled by the contours of the land.

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22
Q

The Public Land Survey System (Township and Range) was adopted in what year?

A

1785.

23
Q

How many acres were given as free land under the Homestead Act?

A

160 acres

24
Q

The French tradition of public land survey is known as the ___________ system

A

Long-lot

25
Q

Which other country’s colonists introduced a similar style of French land survey in New Mexico & Texas?

A

Spain

26
Q

In much of the world, farmers historically lived in small, agricultural villages creating a ________________.

A

Clustered, rural population

27
Q

The French & Hispanic long lots encouraged _____________________________ along river or road frontage.

A

The alignment of closely-spaced farmsteads

28
Q

The New England villages had a distinctive pattern of ________ _______ & __________ __________.

A

Nucleated agricultural villages; fragmented farms

29
Q

The pattern of streets, blocks, and lots exerts a major influence on the ________ & _________ ________ of urban settlements.

A

Feel; social life

30
Q

How long ago, and by whom, was the rectangular grid system devised?

A

The Greeks; 5th century BC

31
Q

The best known rectangular street grid is in what city?

A

Manhattan / New York

32
Q

Language is defined as what?

A

Communication of ideas, attitudes, or intent through signs, sounds, or gestures

33
Q

There are how many languages & dialects estimated worldwide?
Sub-Saharan Africa?
Europe?
Papua New Guinea?

A

6000
1500
200
800

34
Q

In the past, there were many thousands of languages due to what two factors?

A

Isolation & minimal interaction

35
Q

The language spoken by the most people as a first language is what?

A

Mandarin

36
Q

The language spoken by the most people globally is what?

A

English

37
Q

Language development consists of what two actions?

A

Borrowing: taking words from other languages
Coinage: creating completely new words or phrases

38
Q

Language has spatial variations due to:

A

Diffusion, isolation, time-distance decay

39
Q

Dialect is made up of differences in what?

A

Pronunciation; vocabulary; speed; rhythm.

40
Q

Dialects serve as a __________.
Dialects denote _______________.
Dialects denote _______________.
Dialects may denote ______________.

A

Territorial identity
Insiders vs. outsiders
Social class
Education level

41
Q

Accent is defined as what?

A

Sound of the mother tongue/first language

42
Q

Language diffusion is a result of what two things?

A

Migration & conquest.

43
Q

English has roots in which languages?

A

German, French, Scandinavian, Latin, Greek

44
Q

When two languages are mixed, they create what kind of language? When that language is learned as a first language, it is then called what?

A

Pidgin; creole

45
Q

Toponyms are what?

A

Place names

46
Q

Toponomy is:

A

The study of place names

47
Q

Religion is defined as what?

A

An organized system of faith or worship with belief in one or more supreme beings

48
Q

What is perhaps the strongest aspect of a culture?

A

Religion

49
Q

Development and diffusion of religion is ________.

A

Spatial

50
Q

Religions are what sort of innovations?

A

Cultural

51
Q

Universalizing religions are characterized by what aspects?

A

Open to all
Membership drive, recruitment
Symbolic commitment
Global

52
Q

Ethnic religions are characterized by what aspects?

A 
Members only by birth or adoption of lifestyle
Strong cultural identification
Territorial
Does not recruit members
(Judaism, Hindu, Shinto)
53
Q

Tribal religions are characterized by what aspects?

A 
Close ties to nature/the environment
"Animists" - life exists in all objects
"Shaman"
Geographically isolated, but changing
(Africa, once 100% tribal; now 40% Muslim, 50% Christian, 10% still tribal)
54
Q

The four varieties of supernatural beliefs are what?

A

Ritual; contagious magic (an act with something that has come into contact with a person or animal); sequential magic (belief that events occur associated with a sequence or specific number; superstitious); divination (forecasting future events).

Cultural Geography (3 decks)

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