Final Exam Flashcards
“Ethnos” is Greek for:
Nation, a people
Ethnic groups consider themselves distinctive from other groups by either: 1. 2. 3. 4.
- Nationality
- Physical features
- Religion
- Unique customs
There are how many different ethnic groups globally?
5000
Native Americans are dated in the US from how long ago?
10,000-18,000 years ago
The first wave of Europeans settled here when? (The order of settlement?)
1600’s-1700’s (English, German, Scots-Irish)
The second wave of Europeans settled here when? Which nations are represented in this wave?
1870-1914 (Irish, Polish, Italian, Scandinavian, E. Europe)
Latin Americans came to the US during what time?
1965-present
What percentage of Americans are African American? Where are they concentrated?
12%, the South.
What percentage of Americans are Hispanic American? Where are they concentrated?
12%, the Southwest.
What percentage of Americans are Asian American? Where are they concentrated?
4%, West Coast.
What percentage of Americans are Native American? Where are they concentrated?
1%, Midwest/Southwest.
Ghetto was originally a ______ word for a _______ neighborhood.
German; Jewish.
Neighborhoods in which certain ethnicities are clustered are called what?
Ethnic enclaves.
Evaluating another ethnic group against your own is called:
Ethnocentrism
What explains the variations in physical appearance?
Isolated gene pools.
Ethnocentrism has what positive aspects?
Self-identification, group identification (I am/we are proud to be ________)
Maintains distinction in the face of “melting pot” theory.
Ethnocentrism has what negative aspects?
Us vs. them > superiority run amok > social discord > ethnic cleansing > genocide.
Genetic drift refers to a heritable trait that appears by chance in a group and is accentuated by what?
Inbreeding.
Natural selection and genetic drift promote ___________.
Differentiation.
Acculturation means:
The adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, & speech of the receiving society.
Which group immigrated to the US over the longest period of time?
Blacks
Which group comprised the largest number of immigrants prior to the 1950’s?
Italians
Which group has comprised the largest number of immigrants overall?
Mexicans
A Queens neighborhood in New York houses immigrants from how many countries?
114.
We may be tempted to group humans racially and attribute __________ ____________, ___________ __________, & ____________ __________ to particular racial groups.
Intellectual ability; athletic prowess; negative characteristics.
List the many common unifying bonds of ethnicity.
Shared ancestry & cultural heritage, distinctive traditions, territorial identification, & sense of community.
Economic geography means:
Spatial aspects of production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services.
List the categories of economic activities.
Primary; secondary; tertiary; quaternary.
The 4-F club (forestry, farming, fuel extraction, and fishing) belongs in which category of economic activities?
Primary.
Power production = commercial energy = “__________” energy.
Inanimate
“Activities that add value to materials by changing their form,” describes which category of economic activity?
Secondary.
“Blue-collar workers” are engaged in which category of economic activities?
Secondary.
Which category of economic activities is considered the “vital link between producer & consumer”, & deals with the service sector?
Tertiary.
Highly specialised, “white collar” workers are generally employed in which sector of economic activities?
Quaternary.
Which category of economic activities is known as the “knowledge/data sector”?
Quaternary.
Which category of economic activities includes high-level decision making, high-level research & development, and business executives/CEOs?
Quinary.
“Gold collar workers” generally refer to those employed in which category?
Quinary.
Which two services link all economic activities?
- Transportation
2. Communication
The US is experiencing what kind of phase?
“Post-industrial”.
“Global development” refers to what?
Characteristics of development: the process of growth, modernisation, and realisation of potential.
What is the tool devised by the United Nations to objectively assess the level of development in every country, which uses social & economic criteria?
The Human Development Index (HDI).
List the economic criteria used by the HDI.
- Degree of urbanisation
- Consumption of commercial (inanimate) energy
- Occupational structure
- Income per capita
- GDP
What are the social factors used by the HDI?
- Education/literacy
- Sanitation & water (public services)
- Diet and nutrition
- Access to health care
- Birth rates/death rates
Reasons for high birth rates are:
- Lack of birth control (due to lack of education or lack of product)
- Religion
Reason(s) for low birth rates are:
Lifestyle choice
Least Developed Country is a term used to describe what was once known by which political designation?
Third-world country.
Least Developed Countries are areas with low _______ consumption? Why?
Power; mostly use animate power.
Least Developed Countries have low _________ ___ ________.
Income per capita.
Most of the population of Least Developed Countries are engaged in which sector of economic activities?
Primary (subsistence agriculture)
Developing countries are ___________ developed, yet not fully _____________ developed.
Culturally; economically.
Developing countries need more:
1.
2.
3.
- Technology
- Industrialisation
- Urbanisation.
Developed countries are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Highly developed
- Rich in knowledge & money
- Wealth is “evenly” distributed
- Resources in full, productive use
- “Industrial” countries
What were the top three HDI results?
- Norway
- Australia
- Netherlands
What were the last three HDI results?
- Burundi
- Niger
- Congo
What are some examples of Least Developed Countries?
Most African nations, parts of Asia.
Where are some “developing countries”?
Middle Eastern countries; South/Central America; some European countries; India; South Africa; parts of Asia.
Where are the “developed countries”?
North America; Europe; Japan; Australia/New Zealand.
The production of what two things dominate the economies of some parts of the world?
Food & raw material.
How many humans are on the planet, approximately?
7 billion
Although the potato blight struck one small island, it affected the economies of __________.
Continents.
Industrialisation leads to an increase in ____________ ________ at the expense of ____________.
Secondary sector; agriculture.
Further economic development tends to shift the economic structure towards __________ such that the world’s most advanced economies are now largely ______________________.
Services; post-industrial.
How much of the GDP of the US is derived from agriculture?
1%.
How much of the GDP of the US is derived from service activities?
Over three-fourths.
Private firms that have established branch operations in foreign nations are called:
Transnational corporations.
Walmart Stores in 2010 had $___ billion in revenues, which, if it were a country, would have placed it _____ in the world rankings, just behind Norway & ahead of Venezuela.
408; 24th.
What has become the most important tertiary sector activity and the world’s largest industry in jobs & total value generated?
Tourism.
Travel & tourism account for what percentage of the world’s GDP?
9%.
International tourism generates what two things in developing areas?
New income & jobs.
For half of the world’s 50 poorest countries, tourism has become ___ _________ __________ ___________ _________.
The leading service export sector.
In the US, the gambling industry attracts almost what percentage of all entertainment or recreation spending?
15%.
Gambling generates more revenue than what six other entertainment/recreation areas?
Professional sports, museums, performing arts, fitness centers, golf courses, and amusement parks.
The geography of gambling is determined by ________ __________, ____________ _______________, & ___________ ___ ____________.
Legal structures, political boundaries, and proximity to consumers.
How many Indian casinos are operating in the US?
400+.
