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Cultural Geography > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

“Ethnos” is Greek for:

A

Nation, a people

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1
Q 
Ethnic groups consider themselves distinctive from other groups by either:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Nationality
  2. Physical features
  3. Religion
  4. Unique customs
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2
Q

There are how many different ethnic groups globally?

A

5000

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3
Q

Native Americans are dated in the US from how long ago?

A

10,000-18,000 years ago

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4
Q

The first wave of Europeans settled here when? (The order of settlement?)

A

1600’s-1700’s (English, German, Scots-Irish)

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5
Q

The second wave of Europeans settled here when? Which nations are represented in this wave?

A

1870-1914 (Irish, Polish, Italian, Scandinavian, E. Europe)

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6
Q

Latin Americans came to the US during what time?

A

1965-present

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7
Q

What percentage of Americans are African American? Where are they concentrated?

A

12%, the South.

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8
Q

What percentage of Americans are Hispanic American? Where are they concentrated?

A

12%, the Southwest.

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9
Q

What percentage of Americans are Asian American? Where are they concentrated?

A

4%, West Coast.

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10
Q

What percentage of Americans are Native American? Where are they concentrated?

A

1%, Midwest/Southwest.

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11
Q

Ghetto was originally a ______ word for a _______ neighborhood.

A

German; Jewish.

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12
Q

Neighborhoods in which certain ethnicities are clustered are called what?

A

Ethnic enclaves.

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13
Q

Evaluating another ethnic group against your own is called:

A

Ethnocentrism

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14
Q

What explains the variations in physical appearance?

A

Isolated gene pools.

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15
Q

Ethnocentrism has what positive aspects?

A

Self-identification, group identification (I am/we are proud to be ________)
Maintains distinction in the face of “melting pot” theory.

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16
Q

Ethnocentrism has what negative aspects?

A

Us vs. them > superiority run amok > social discord > ethnic cleansing > genocide.

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17
Q

Genetic drift refers to a heritable trait that appears by chance in a group and is accentuated by what?

A

Inbreeding.

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18
Q

Natural selection and genetic drift promote ___________.

A

Differentiation.

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19
Q

Acculturation means:

A

The adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, & speech of the receiving society.

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20
Q

Which group immigrated to the US over the longest period of time?

A

Blacks

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21
Q

Which group comprised the largest number of immigrants prior to the 1950’s?

A

Italians

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22
Q

Which group has comprised the largest number of immigrants overall?

A

Mexicans

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23
Q

A Queens neighborhood in New York houses immigrants from how many countries?

A

114.

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24
Q

We may be tempted to group humans racially and attribute __________ ____________, ___________ __________, & ____________ __________ to particular racial groups.

A

Intellectual ability; athletic prowess; negative characteristics.

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25
Q

List the many common unifying bonds of ethnicity.

A

Shared ancestry & cultural heritage, distinctive traditions, territorial identification, & sense of community.

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26
Q

Economic geography means:

A

Spatial aspects of production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services.

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27
Q

List the categories of economic activities.

A

Primary; secondary; tertiary; quaternary.

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28
Q

The 4-F club (forestry, farming, fuel extraction, and fishing) belongs in which category of economic activities?

A

Primary.

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29
Q

Power production = commercial energy = “__________” energy.

A

Inanimate

30
Q

“Activities that add value to materials by changing their form,” describes which category of economic activity?

A

Secondary.

31
Q

“Blue-collar workers” are engaged in which category of economic activities?

A

Secondary.

32
Q

Which category of economic activities is considered the “vital link between producer & consumer”, & deals with the service sector?

A

Tertiary.

33
Q

Highly specialised, “white collar” workers are generally employed in which sector of economic activities?

A

Quaternary.

34
Q

Which category of economic activities is known as the “knowledge/data sector”?

A

Quaternary.

35
Q

Which category of economic activities includes high-level decision making, high-level research & development, and business executives/CEOs?

A

Quinary.

36
Q

“Gold collar workers” generally refer to those employed in which category?

A

Quinary.

37
Q

Which two services link all economic activities?

A
  1. Transportation

2. Communication

38
Q

The US is experiencing what kind of phase?

A

“Post-industrial”.

39
Q

“Global development” refers to what?

A

Characteristics of development: the process of growth, modernisation, and realisation of potential.

40
Q

What is the tool devised by the United Nations to objectively assess the level of development in every country, which uses social & economic criteria?

A

The Human Development Index (HDI).

41
Q

List the economic criteria used by the HDI.

A
  • Degree of urbanisation
  • Consumption of commercial (inanimate) energy
  • Occupational structure
  • Income per capita
  • GDP
42
Q

What are the social factors used by the HDI?

A
  • Education/literacy
  • Sanitation & water (public services)
  • Diet and nutrition
  • Access to health care
  • Birth rates/death rates
43
Q

Reasons for high birth rates are:

A
  • Lack of birth control (due to lack of education or lack of product)
  • Religion
44
Q

Reason(s) for low birth rates are:

A

Lifestyle choice

45
Q

Least Developed Country is a term used to describe what was once known by which political designation?

A

Third-world country.

46
Q

Least Developed Countries are areas with low _______ consumption? Why?

A

Power; mostly use animate power.

47
Q

Least Developed Countries have low _________ ___ ________.

A

Income per capita.

48
Q

Most of the population of Least Developed Countries are engaged in which sector of economic activities?

A

Primary (subsistence agriculture)

49
Q

Developing countries are ___________ developed, yet not fully _____________ developed.

A

Culturally; economically.

50
Q

Developing countries need more:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Technology
  2. Industrialisation
  3. Urbanisation.
51
Q 
Developed countries are:
1. 
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Highly developed
  2. Rich in knowledge & money
  3. Wealth is “evenly” distributed
  4. Resources in full, productive use
  5. “Industrial” countries
52
Q

What were the top three HDI results?

A
  1. Norway
  2. Australia
  3. Netherlands
53
Q

What were the last three HDI results?

A
  1. Burundi
  2. Niger
  3. Congo
54
Q

What are some examples of Least Developed Countries?

A

Most African nations, parts of Asia.

55
Q

Where are some “developing countries”?

A

Middle Eastern countries; South/Central America; some European countries; India; South Africa; parts of Asia.

56
Q

Where are the “developed countries”?

A

North America; Europe; Japan; Australia/New Zealand.

57
Q

The production of what two things dominate the economies of some parts of the world?

A

Food & raw material.

58
Q

How many humans are on the planet, approximately?

A

7 billion

59
Q

Although the potato blight struck one small island, it affected the economies of __________.

A

Continents.

60
Q

Industrialisation leads to an increase in ____________ ________ at the expense of ____________.

A

Secondary sector; agriculture.

61
Q

Further economic development tends to shift the economic structure towards __________ such that the world’s most advanced economies are now largely ______________________.

A

Services; post-industrial.

62
Q

How much of the GDP of the US is derived from agriculture?

A

1%.

63
Q

How much of the GDP of the US is derived from service activities?

A

Over three-fourths.

64
Q

Private firms that have established branch operations in foreign nations are called:

A

Transnational corporations.

65
Q

Walmart Stores in 2010 had $___ billion in revenues, which, if it were a country, would have placed it _____ in the world rankings, just behind Norway & ahead of Venezuela.

A

408; 24th.

66
Q

What has become the most important tertiary sector activity and the world’s largest industry in jobs & total value generated?

A

Tourism.

67
Q

Travel & tourism account for what percentage of the world’s GDP?

A

9%.

68
Q

International tourism generates what two things in developing areas?

A

New income & jobs.

69
Q

For half of the world’s 50 poorest countries, tourism has become ___ _________ __________ ___________ _________.

A

The leading service export sector.

70
Q

In the US, the gambling industry attracts almost what percentage of all entertainment or recreation spending?

A

15%.

71
Q

Gambling generates more revenue than what six other entertainment/recreation areas?

A

Professional sports, museums, performing arts, fitness centers, golf courses, and amusement parks.

72
Q

The geography of gambling is determined by ________ __________, ____________ _______________, & ___________ ___ ____________.

A

Legal structures, political boundaries, and proximity to consumers.

73
Q

How many Indian casinos are operating in the US?

A

400+.

Cultural Geography (3 decks)

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