Midterm 2 Flashcards
Clinical symptoms for Polycythemia Vera are
Hematemesis
Hematachezia
Epistaxis
Polycythemia is
Increase in either the RBC count, total hemoglobin or hematocrit
Polycythemia Vera is diagnosed how
High PCV and RBC parameters
Bone marrow
Polycythemia Vera is treated by
Phlebotomy
Chemotherapy
Polycythemia is classified in two ways, they are
Absolute and relative polycythemia
Absolute polycythemia can be broken down into two parts they are
Primary and secondary
Absolute Polycythemia (primary) is
A neoplastic condition
Bone marrow increases the production of all cell mainly RBC
Decreased erythropioten
Absolute Polycythemia (primary) is also known as
Polycythemia Rubra Vera
Absolute Polycythemia (secondary) is
Developed in response to hypoxemia and erythropoietin
Seen in higher elevations
Absolute Polycythemia (secondary) can be seen in animals with these conditions
Heart failure
Renal arterial thrombosis
RBC production in the bone marrow takes how long
3-6 days
Relative Polycythemia is also known as
Hemoconcentration
Relative Polycythemia is
RBC body mass remians the same but there is a decrease in blood fluid (plasma) level.
Most common and clinically significant
This classification of Polycythemia is most common and clinically significant
Relative
Where are WBC storage pools present
Bone marrow & walls throughout the blood stream
Between 50-75% of Neutrophils are not circulating they are adhered along the vessel walls. This is called
Margination or pavementing
Marginated Neutrophils make the majority of this
Marginal pool
Circulating Neutrophils last how long in circulation and how long in tissue
6-7 hours circulation
4 days in tissue
What is Neutrophilia
The increase in circulating neutrophils
What is a left shift
Increase number of band cells in circulation
What causes Neutrophilia
Epinephrine (stress and anxiety)
Corticosterioid (medication)
Tissue damage (phagocytic)
Neutropenia is
The decrease in circulating Neutrophils
Neutropenia is caused by
Overwhelming tissue damage (infection)
Granulopoietic hypoplasia
Shock (sequestration netropenia )
Sequestration Neutropenia (shock) is caused by
Anaphylactic shock or endotoxemia
Granulopentic Hypoplasia Neutropenia is caused by
Diminished bone marrow production
Band cells in blood stream
Infection
Lymphocytosis is
An increase in circulating lymphocytes
Lymphopenia is
Decrease in lymphocytes
Causes of Lymphocytosis are
Epinephrine induced
Chronic infection
Virus infection
Causes of Lymphopenia
Stress/steroid related Loss of lymph (chylothorax) Cancer chemotherapy Irradiation T-cell immunodeficiency
Monocytosis is
An increase in circulating monocytes
Moncytopenia is
Decrease in circulating monocytes
Causes of monocytosis
Stress/steroid
Chronic inflammation
Granulomatous disease
Causes of monocytopenia
Pancytopenic conditions
Eosinophilia is
Increase circulating eosinophils
Eosinopenia is
Decrease circulating eosinophils
Causes of Eosinophilia
Parasitism
Immediate hypersensitivity disorders
Causes of Eosinopenia
Stress
Steroids
Pancytopenic
Signs for a Stress Leukogram
Increased WBC: (15,000-35,00) Neutrophilia no left shift Moncytosis Eosinophenia Lymphopenia
Sign of Infammatory Leukogram
Increased WBC: (20,000-35,000) Neutroohilia with left shift Moncytosis Eosinophenia Lymphopenia
Bone marrow is the site of
The production of most blood cells
Marrow is present in this bone cavity
Medullary
In extreme cases these two areas con produce blood cells
Liver and spleen
What happens to the bone marrow as animals age
Active marrow decreases and is replaced with fat (yellow marrow)
Marrow remains active where
In long bones (ribs, sternum, pelvis, skull)
The development process for a RBC is
Rubriblasts -> prorubicyte -> rubricyte -> metarubicyte -> reticulocyte -> RBc
The development process for granulocytes is
Neutrophil,basophil,enosinophil
Myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> granulocyte
The development of Monoblast is
Monocytes
The development of lymphoblast are
Lymphocytes (T or B)
The development of platelets is
Megakaryoblast -> megakaryocyte -> platelets
3 reasons to examine bone marrow
Non- regenerative anemia
Abnormal cells found on blood smear
Culture in cases of osteomyelitis
Bone marrow collection sites
Proximal humerus
Proximal femur
Wing of ilium
Bone marrow collection needles
Rosenthal bone marrow aspiration needle
Jamshidi needle for biopsy (bone marrow core)
Infectious agents for bone marrow
Erhlichosis
FeLV virus
FIP virus
Chemicals and toxins that cause bone marrow infections
Chemotherapy and radiation
Immune mediated disease that cause bone marrow infection
ITP
IMHA - immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Myelophistic disease is
Components of marrow are being crowded out of abnormal cells. Most often due to neoplasia of one or more of the cells in the normally exist in the marrow
Hemostasis is the
Process the body uses to stop the flow of blood when the vascular system is damaged
3 ways to prevent blood loss after a blood vessel ruptures
Vascular spasms
Platelets plug formation
Clot formation/coagulation
2 functions of platelets
Initial plug at the site if hemorrhage
Release active chemical which initiate the clotting process
What are platelets attracted to in broken blood vessels
Exposed collagen fibers
After platelets attaches to a broken blood vessel they degranualte and release a chemical that does what
Attract other platelets and initiate the clotting process
What is the end product of clot
Fibrin
What is the clotting process
Complex series of enzyme activations which ultimately leads to the formation of fibrin (clotting cascade)
Name the 2 pathways a clotting cascade can be preformed
Intrinsic or extrinsic
The intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade is formed how
Endothelial wall damage which attracts platelets calcium (IV) common path way (X) Prothrombin (II) Thrombin Fibrinogen (I) Fibrin or clot
The Extrinsic pathway for the clotting cascade is formed how
Skin wound Tissue thromboplastin (III) common path way (X) Prothrombin (II) Thrombin Fibrinogen (I) Fibrin or clot
How is the intrinsic pathway activated
Endothelial lining of a blood vessel ruptures
How is the extrinsic pathway activated
A membrane factor that is not a component of circulation (skin wound)
The release of this clotting factor initiates the extrinsic pathway
Factor (III) thromboplastin
The release of this clotting factor initiates the intrinsic pathway
Factor (IV) calcium
Both clotting factor cascade pathways meet up at this factor
Factor X stuart power factor
Clotting factor I (1) is known as
Fibrinogen
Clotting factor II (2) is known as
Prothrombin
Clotting factor III (3) is known as
Tissue thromboplastin
Clotting factor IV (4) is known as
Calcium
Clotting factor X (10) is known as
Stuart power factor
Clotting factors are generally hereditary, 4 of those are
Hemophilia A,B,C
Type 3 Von Willebrands disease
Van Willebrands disease is caused by
Lack of function of platelet adhesion at a site of vessel injury
(Dobermans, akita, cockers, German shepherds)
Clinical signs for Von Willebrands disease
Mucous membrane hemorrhage
Bruising
Epistaxis
Bleeding from teeth
Van Willebrand disease is diagnosed by
Prolonged buccal membrane bleeding time (BMBT) >5min
vWF antigen assays (elisa test) <50%
Treatment for Van Willebrand
Plasma cryoprecipitate transfusion
Desmopressin
Thrombocytopenia is
Low platelets
Platelet problems can be categorized as
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative platelet problem is
Decreased numbers of platelets
Causes of quantitative platelet problems are
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia which autoantibodies attack platelets
DIC: platelets are consumed as millions of tiny clots are formed throughout the body
Infection: agents attack platelets leading to decreased platelets
Qualitative platelet problem is
Adequate number of platelets but they don’t function properly
Causes of qualitative platelet problems are
Hereditary hemophilia
Drugs (aspirins or NSAIDS)
Which color blood collecting tube is used to test for clotting
Light blue
Different coagulation test are used to evaluate 3 things, they are
Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Platelet formation
When anticoagulation of blood is needed which anticoagulant is used
Sodium citrate
What is ACT (Activated Clotting Time)
Procedure used to shorten the normal clotting time. If it clots with in 2mins good if it clots >5min not good
What does ACT (activated clotting time) use as an agent
Diatomaceous earth
Bleeding time can be affected by
Platelet defects
Buccal mucosal bleeding
What can prolong an ACT test
Thrombocytopenia
Intrinsic coagulation cascade
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time requirers submission of this
Citrated plasma
The normal range for a Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time test is
14-20 seconds
The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time test evaluates
Intrinsic cascade
The Prothrombin Time test evaluates
Extrinsic cascade
Platelet formation
Prolonged Prothrombin Time test can be associated wit
Liver disease
Hereditary defects in clotting factor
Vitamin K deficiency
(PIVKA) Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence determines the rodenticide toxicity from
Hemophilia
Increase in (PIVKA) Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence can be a sign of
Poison ingestion within 6hour window
D-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Factor (FDP) is primarily used to determine
If DIC
High levels of D-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Factor (FDP) are seen in these 3 states
Hemangiosarcoma
Trauma
Liver Failure
D-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Factor (FDP) are both formed how
Formed as clots are broken down and degraded
A hematocrit is obtained how
Filling a microhematcrit tube at least 3/4 full then centrifuging the tube then reading the paced cell volume
Plasma Protein Determination is collected how
Breaking the microhematocrit tube just above the Buffy coat and dispensed the plasma from the non-broken side on the refractometer
What does DEA stand for
Dog Erythrocytic Antigens
How many blood group antigens does a dog have
7
DEA 1 antigens are broken down into two subgroups they are
DEA 1.1 (40-40% of the dog population)
DEA 1.2 (10-20% of the dog population)
DEA 1.1 are the most important antigens because
They have strong antigenicity and cause the most serious problems during transfusion
Dogs do not have naturally occurring antibodies to other blood groups
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Is it safe for a first time incompatible transfusion to be given to a recipient who has nerve had a previous transfusion
Yes
If a recipient or donor has been transfused before one or both may have developed what
Antibodies with can set up for a transfusion reaction
In a transfusion reaction two possible consequences can occur, they are
Recipient has antibodies that attack donors RBCs
Donor has antibodies which attack the recipients RBCs (minor)
Transfusion reactions result in either (2)
Hemolysis (primary reaction)
Agglutination
In a hemolysis transfusion reaction what happen
Breakage of RBCs leading to the release of hemoglobin into the plasma
If an animals plasma or serum is red this can be due to what
Hemolysis
Free hemoglobin can severely damage this organ and can lead to failure
Kidneys
What causes agglutination
Antigens and antibodies clumping together
Agglutination can lead to
Blood clots in vessels
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion reactions only occur in and why
DEA 1.1/1.2 negative dogs because these dogs do not have naturally occurring antibodies
Ideally all transfused blood will be
DEA 1.1 & 1.2 negative
This breed of dog has a low frequency of DEA 1.1/1.2 antigens making them suitable as blood donors
Greyhounds
This breed of dog is DEA 1.1 positive
Labs
A DEA positive dog can receive what type of transfusion
DEA positive or negative
A DEA negative dog can receive what type of transfusion
Negative only
Cats have three blood antigens they are
A
B
AB
Most cats obsess this antigen
A
Cats with AB blood can receive this type of transfusion
A or B
Cats with B blood that are transfused with A blood will have a reaction. Signs include
Apnea Urination Defection Vomit Neruo depression
Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis is
Kittens have a different blood type from the queen and sucking on her milk cause the moms antibodies to destroy they kittens red blood cells
Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis can lead to
Jaundice
Brown urine
Rapid death
Tail tip drops off
Cats get one blood type from mom and dad. The dominant blood type is
A
If a mom is type A and dad is type B the offspring will have
Type A blood
Cross matching is done to
Determined if the donor or recipient has antibodies against each others RBCs antigens
A major cross match test for
Whether the recipient has antibodies against the donor
A minor cross match is
Whether the donor has antibodies against the recipient
Crossmatching is not necessary if
Neither dog had had a transfusion
Name the phases of the estrous cycle
Anestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus phase
Characterized by a predominance of intermediate round nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm
Proestrus phase
Capillary breakage and leakage of RBCs through uterine epithelium
Estrus phase
Predominance of superficial cornified cells
Diestrus phase
Decline in the number & reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells
Parabasal cells are
Round small cells with large nucleus to cytoplasm
Parabasal cells can be seen primarily during which estrus cycle phase
Anestrus
Intermediate cells are
Round irregular cells with small nucleus to cytoplasm
Intermediate cells can be seen during which estrus cycle phase
All stages but estrus
Superficial cells are
Large irregular shaped with small nucleus and all large cytoplasm
Superficial cells can be found during this estrus cycle phase
Estrus
During anestrus phase which cells are present
Parabasal & intermediate cells Few RBCs (no neutros)
During proestrus which cells are present
Intermediate & parabasal
Large # of RBCs (neutros)
During estrus which cells are present
Superficial cells with no RBCs
During diestrus which cells are present
Parabasal, intermediate
Few RBC
Epithelial Tumors: benign and malignant are known as
Adenoma and carcinoma
Connective Tissue Tumors: benign and malignant
Oma and sarcoma