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BIS 2C > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

closest relatives of eukaryotes

A

Asgard Archaea

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2
Q

microbial eukaryotes

A

protists - paraphyletic
- many morphology
- 3 type sof locomotion: Ciliate, amoeboid, or flagellate

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3
Q

is multicellularity a homologous feature on tree of life

A

no it is not. multicellularity evolved around 25 times

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4
Q

phagocytosis

A

only found in archaea
injest macroparticles using their cytoskeleton (actin filaments).
food particle surrounded by extension of membrane and then becoems enclosed in a vacuole

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5
Q

central dogma

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into proteins
Eukaryotes: transcription occurs in nucleous
- occur at different time (decoupled)
Prokaryotes: dont have nucleus so transcription and translation simultaneoulsy occur (coupled) outside of cell.

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6
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

product of symbiosis between asgard archaea and a-proteobacterium

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7
Q

Nucleus - 2 Models:
Outside-in

A

cell membrane is homologous to the cell membrane of the archeon.
nucleus formed by folding

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8
Q

Nucleus - 2 models
inside out

A

the nuclear membrane of eukaryotes is homologous to the cell membrane of the archeon
the cytoskeleton and membrane formed from outward extensions
currently support this

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9
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

eukaryotic cells evolved through a process of symbiosis, where one prokaryotic organism was engulfed (but not digested) leading to a mutually beneficial relationship

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

evolved one time in the lineage that led to the mRCA of all Eukaryotes (LECA) = primary endosymbiosis
no peptidoglycan and phagocyte
- most closely related to rickettsiales

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11
Q

Chloroplasts (Plastid)

A

most closely related to cyanobacteria
evolved one time = primary endosymbiosis between non-photosynthetic eukaryote and cyanobacteria
-phagosome and peptidoglycan lost
-3 derivatives - glaucophytes (only one with peptidoglycan); red algae; green algae (land plants)

  • do not have different origins, di not evolve indepndently but rather it was stolen
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12
Q

algae

A

any organism that is aquatic and perhaps slimy.
- polyphyletic group that includes bacteria, plants, kelp, etc

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13
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

occurs between a heterotrophic eukaryote and a unicellular member of the plantae lineage (red/green algae)
- occurred multiple times in eukaryotes

  • how eukaryotes obtained ability to do photosynthesis
  • did not occur with glaucophytes
  • how other lineages gain plastids
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14
Q

tertiary endosymbiosis

A

occurred in one group (dinoflagellates)
heterotrophic eukaryote gains a plastid by engulfing, but not digesting, a eukaryote that got its plastid from secondary endosymbiosis

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15
Q

Apicocomplexans

A

obligate, intracellular parasites o animals that use the apical complex to enter host cells

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16
Q

apical complex

A

tip of the cell. acts like a drill. product of secondary endosymbiosis.
has to pentrate host to get intside but must not “pop” the host

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17
Q

apicoplast

A

plastid; important pharmaceutical target
- secondary endosymbiosis
not product of photosynthesis
- we can target this. we do not have plastids and this we dont get hurt

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18
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A

coenocytic. feed by scavaging and have an unusual life cycle. one giant cell with many nuclei
- undergoes cytosis (division) without dividing the cell
replicates super fast (very efficient)

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19
Q

cellular slime mold

A

individual motile cells that aggregate into a multicellular fruiting body
- live most of their lives as little ameobe. when ready to divide they aggregate

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20
Q

plantae

A

organisms characterized by having a plastid that arose from primary endosymbiosis
- synampomorphy of lineage is the presence o a chloroplast resulting from primary endosymbiosis

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21
Q

plants

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata (cell-cell junctions)
-contain primary and secondary cell walls. Secondary cell walls have lignin (cell dies when lignin is present)
- root and shoot system (roughly equivalent in size)

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22
Q

plasmodesmata

A

evolved independently
- since plants dont move around that much, they have this different cell-cell junction

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23
Q

meristems

A

regions of undifferentiated cells that continually divide.
2 types:
- apical (SAM and RAM) - add length - primary
- lateral - adds width - secondary

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24
Q

Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)

A

division occurs downward, pushing plant up.
-tip of plant

** youngest and least differentiated cells will be found closer to the shoot apical meristem

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25
Root Apical Meristem (RAM)
same process as SAM (division occurs downward) newer cells found at the tip of the root
26
Dermal tissue
form the epidermis and secrete waxy compounds that protect the plant from dessication - outside - can develop into gaurd cells, trichomes, and root hairs
27
vascular tissue
Xylem and Phloem - transport water, minerals, and sugars - inside
28
Tracheids
in xylem and all vascular plants contain - thin and narrow transport water dead at maturity (have lignified secondary cell walls)
29
vessel elements
wider xylem but not in all plants evolved in angiosperms and gnetophytes - larger and connected end-to-end
30
sieve tubes and companion cells
sieve tube: transports sugar; no organelles Companion cell: regulates sieve tube 2 kinds of cells = phylum
31
Ground tissues
fill in the inner space of the plant and perform metabolic, support and storage functions - in between dermal and vascular
32
Parenchyma
alive - primary cell wall - storage and metabolism - most ground tissues is comprised of this
33
collenchyma
alive - primary cell walls - flexible support
34
sclerenchyma
dead; secondary cell walls - lignin, stiff support
35
leaves
3 main parts - blade - midrib - petiole - primary organ for photosynthesis - gaurd cells regulate photosynthesis by opening and closing the stomata
36
stems
containes nodes and internodes - repeating patter (node, internode, node, internode, ...)
37
nodes
leaves come off of nodes. merstematic tissue from which leaves or other organs grow
38
internodes
sections between nodes
39
roots
1) RAM 2) Root cap - secretes lubricants to protect the RAM as it pushes through the soil to grow 3) root hair - water enters through the root hair only
40
flowers
occur only in angiosperms. combination of reproductive (inner layer = petals) and non-reproductive whorls (outer layer = sepals)
41
galucophytes
only lineage to retain peptidoglycan uses clorphyll A - same as cyanobacteria unicellular freshwater
42
red algae
mostly marine multicellular use psycobilins (phycoerythrin) = red color
43
green plants
include green algae and land plants mostly use clorophyll b, carotenoids store energy as starch inside chlorplasts
44
land plants (embryophytes
7 major groups: liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms - waxy cuticle, protected embryos, sporophyte, and airborne spores
45
meisois
always results in a reduction of ploidy (always sperm/egg gamete production in animals)
46
mitosis
results in no change ploidy gametes are produced always by mitosis for plants
47
Zygote
UNICELLULAR but DIPLOID
48
diplontic
multicellular, diploid stages = animals
49
haplontic
lack multicellular diploid stage (algae)
50
alteration of generation
all land plants goes back and forth between multicellular haploid and diploid adult
51
bryophytes
paraphyletic group of land plants 3 lineages - liverworts, moss, and hornworts -small, moist environments -lack xylem and phloem (nonvascular) no not have leaves or roots contain rhizoids (multicellular extensions for water absorption and anchoring) DOMINANT gametophyte and nutritionally DEPENDENT sporophyte
52
ectohydric
absorb water across whole surface - most bryophytes
53
endohydric
evolved tissues for conducting water (hydroids) and sugar (leptoids) - not xylem and phloem (not homolgous) = evolved independently some bryophytes
54
gametophyte
produces gametes. Sperm must swim through water to reach the egg
55
archegonia
produce eggs (female gametophyte)
56
antheridia
produce sperm ( mal egametophyte)
57
sporophyte
produces spores = resistant to dessication because they are coated with sporopollenin
58
liverworts
smallest sporophytes
59
mosses
taller with elongate, stalked sporophyte cap of sporophyte = sporangium
60
hornworts
presistently green sporophyte with intermediate growth - able to do photosynthesis
61
intermediate growth
grows entire life
62
vascular plants (Tracheophytes)
contian vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) - monophyletic group branching, independent sporophyte, roots, and tracheids = synapomorphies sporophyte dominant Nutritionally independent heart shaped gametophyte
63
eudiocots
ordered vascular bundles flowes in groups of 4 or 5 netted veins tap roots
64
monocots
scattered vascular bundles flowes in groups of 3 fibrous roots
65
phloem
alive, photosynthate conducting tissue - 2 parts - sieve tube and companion cells sieve tubes (members) - sugar flow; photosynthaid. mature tubes lack organelles companion cells: keep tubes alive
66
cohesion
water sticks to water
67
adhesion
water attracted to non-water molecules
68
lycophytes
have microphylls and strobili
69
microphylls
leaves that have a single bundle of vascular tissie - evolved from sporangia and are a synampomorphy of lycophytes
70
sporangia
spore producing structures. develop into gametophytes via mitosis - occurs on sporophyte
71
strobilus (cone)
linear cluster of sporoangia
72
heterospory
two sizes of spores. each size of spore develops into a different gameotphyte microgametophyte = sperm megagametophyte = egg
73
Euphyllophytes
symapomorphies: megaphylls, ovetopping growth, and DNA chloroplast inversion (order of genes in chloroplasts DNA is flipped)
74
megaphylls
large, vascularizes leaves. primary organs of photosynthesis
75
overtopping
uneven growth of the stem. one stem is taller than another
76
ferns (monilophytes)
largest group of seedless vascular plants
77
horsetail (monilophytes)
hollow stem, reduced leaves, woody strobili at tips cones
78
psilotum
reduced roots, dichotomous branching, sporangia at nodes, and microphylls
79
seed plants
make seeds and pollen monophyletic group that includes gymnosperms and angiosperms 4 synapomorphies - seeds, pollen, heterospory, secondary growth gametophyte dependent on sporophyte spores develop into gametophytes and do not leave the parent plant; pollen = dispersal stage
80
progymnosperms
large, tree-like, and woody did not produce seeds evoloved before sed ferns (produced seeds) secondary xylem (wood) evolved first, followed by seeds
81
seeds
contain embryos(next sporophyte generation), nutritive tissue (leftover of megagametophyte), and seed coat (protection) dispersed by water, wind, and animals all seed plants make seeds but not all make fruit
82
pollen
delivers sperm directly to the egg antheridium is lost (reduced) nuclei function as sper, reduces reliance on water for reproduction transfers sperm to egg using a pollen tube
83
integument
pollen and spores are wrapped and contained in here
84
gymnosperm
cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, and conifers lack ovaries and do not have fruit 2 cone s- megasporangia (females = seed) and microsporangia (male = pollen) megagametophyte = large = contain archegonia - nutritive tissue = n ploidy
85
megaspore
develop into megagametophyte and never leave the parent plant
86
microspores
develop into pollen (microgametophytes) and is dispersed by wind
87
cycads
jurassic period = dominant large compound leave and seperate male )pollen cones) and female (seed cones) plants = dioecious pollenated by insects
88
gnetophytes
paired, opposite leaves, vessel elements, and double fertilization. contians meristems = intermediate growth double fertilization here is not homologous to that in angiosperms endosperm is not produced
89
ginkgo
divded into two lobes dioecious motile sperm and fleshy covering on seeds females stink really bad
90
confiers
cones are covered with resin coast redwood bristlecone pines
91
angiosperm
megagametophytes = 7 cells = archegonium is lost endosperm (3n) = nutritive tissue double fertilization synampomorphies: flowers, double fertilization, and vessel elements 3 lineages - basal angiosperm, monocots, and eudiocots pollination cna occure through wind but most is done by animals
92
perfect flower
have stamens and carpels
93
imperfect flower
either stamens or carpels
94
monoecious
one plant has both sexes
95
dioecious
two plants (one per sexz) - male and female on seperate flower
96
auxin
hormone involved in, root initiation, aprical dominance and phototropism inhibits cell growth in any other part of the platn. only grows through the tip
97
cytokinin
hormone produced in the RAM. encourages growth in axillary mersistem - cell growth and division - works together with auxin
98
bifacial vascular cambium (BVC)
secondary growth, plants grow wider (more xylem is produced than phloem) secondary xylem = wood - big cells = less lignign; small cells = more lignin
99
double fertilization
one sperm cell (n) fertilizes the egg (n) and a seocnd sperm cell fertilizes the central cell (n+n) resulting in the endosperm (3n) - comes from one pollen grain
100
drupe
simple fruit stony pit one flower and one carpal cannot have multiple seeds
101
berry
simple fruit one flower with one carbel carpel can contian many ovules may contain multiple seeds
102
aggregate
several independent carpals on a single flower one carpal+one ovule
103
multiple
fusion of multiple flowers (each with its own flower) seperate flowers fused together many flower and many carpels
104
pomes
accesory fruits part of the fruit is formed from tissues outside the ovary
105
grains
ovary wall and seed coat fused
106
phtosynthesis
process by which plants use light energy and carbon dioxide ot produce chemical energy 2 stages - light reaction and calvin cycle
107
pigments
absorb light absorb at specific wavelengths
108
thylakoid
flat, sac like structure with pigments
109
granum
series of stacked thylakoids
110
lamellae
granum linked together by this
111
stroma
fluid that surround the grana
112
light reactions
production of ATP, O2, and NADPH
113
calvin Cycle
starts with 5C compound. Rubisco. 1 C compound added. Splits into 2-3 carbon caompounds. G3P makes sugars
114
rubisco
enzyme responsible for fixing atmospheric carbon also works with oxygen to create a waste product when not enough CO2 present = photorespiration
115
CAM photosynthesis
stomata closed during the day and open at night. at night, CO2 stored as malic acid and used to feed calvin cycle during the day
116
C4 photosynthesis
3C compount converted into 4C compounds in th emesophyll cells, the 4C compounds are pumped into the bundle sheat.

BIS 2C (2 decks)

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