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BIS 2C > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

Vocab and Key Terms

1
Q

Tree of Life

A

all living organisms are related to one another through shared ancestry
- about 3.8 billion year history of evolution

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2
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history
- depict lineages that have become permanently separated

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3
Q

tree (phylogenetic)

A

simplified model of the genealogy f life. branching diagram

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4
Q

convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of same/similar features

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5
Q

taxon (taxa)

A

any organism, or species, or group of species that we designate or name

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6
Q

speciation

A

one species gives rise to two descendant species (splitting event)

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7
Q

internal nodes

A

represent hypothetical ancestral taxa

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8
Q

monophyletic group

A

group of organisms consisting of their MRCA and all its descendants

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9
Q

clade

A

a monophyletic group

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

group of organisms consisting of their MRCA but excluding some of its descendants

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11
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

group of organisms that excludes the MRCA

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12
Q

bifurcating trees

A

trees where each internal node gives rise to two descendant branches

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13
Q

polytomies

A

nodes have three or more descendant branches
- reflect uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships

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14
Q

root node

A

MRCA of entire group

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15
Q

synapomorphies

A

specific features or characters that are unique to (or especially characteristic of) that group
- shared derived trait

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16
Q

homologous traits - Homology

A

those that are inherited from a common ancestor
- If evolved independently = not homologous

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17
Q

classification

A

the naming of taxa and their placement in a hierarchical arrangement

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18
Q

binomial name

A

species
- genus name and the species name. bth italicized

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19
Q

uninomial name

A

groups of species
- placed in a ranked heirarchy: genus, family, order, class, and phylum

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20
Q

sister groups

A

two clades or species that are each others closest relatives (two descendant taxa of a single node)
- originate as lineages at the same time

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21
Q

ingroup

A

the set of taxa under study

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22
Q

outgroup

A

one or more taxa that fall phylogenetically outside of the group under study

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23
Q

derived traits

A

traits that arise or were modified in the ingroup

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24
Q

ancestral traits

A

features that were present in the common ancestor

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25
cladogram
shows brainching order. no meaning in branch lengths
26
phylogram
branch length is proportional to the amount of character change (amount of change in a set of characteristics)
27
chronogram
branch length is proportional to time
28
characters
traits or features of organisms
29
principle of parsimony
tree with the least amount of change in character states - most parsimonious tree (mpt)
30
unrooted tree
tree where root has been removed and relationships between taxa are ambiguous
31
parsimony uninformative
what characteristics dont vary? - invariant characters - all same in taxon - one taxon is different and the others are the same
32
polymorphism
Existence of multiple character states in the population (pink and purple bunnies)
33
transitions
Changes from a purine (A/g) to another purine (A/G) or from one pyrimidine (C/T) to another pyrimidine (C/T) - more likely to occur
34
transversions
Changes from a purine (A/G) to a pyrimidine (C/T) or vice versa
35
synonymous substitution
no change in the encoded amino acid - common
36
non-synonymous substitution
change in the encoded amino acid - not common
37
self-incompatible
flower that cannot self fertelize - this is what most flower plants are
38
self-compatible
flowers have the ability to self-fertilize (mate with themselves)
39
molecular clock
the greater the genetic difference between taxa the older their MRCA - estimates the divergence time between two taxa on the basis of their degree of genetic divergence
40
LUCA
Last universal common ancestor - first to succeed in which all other organisms came about from it - genes associated with high temperature microbes (thermophiles)
41
Eocyte Tree
two domains - Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotes are a branch within archaea - more correct interpretation
42
prokaryotes
those without a nucleus or membrane encolsed organelles - paraphyletic - unicellular
43
eukaryotes
contains nucleus and organelles
44
inhibition zone
where bacteria cannot grow
45
vertical transmission (binary fission)
your genes to daughter cells primary form of cell division and reproduction in prokaryotes - asexual reproduction (more copies of same organism) - two identical daughter cells every 20-50 mins
46
plasmids
small circular DNA molecules (extra chromosomal DNA). non essential but often advantageous
47
lateral gene transfer
your genes to another organism - conjugation, transformation, and transduction
48
conjugation
two bacteria cells connected via sex pilus. pass plasmid through
49
transformation
microbes die, release DNA, other microbes eat that as food
50
transduction
virus injects one dna to another DNA
51
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan layer and on outside of cell membrane - more detrimental to penicillin
52
gram negative
thin peptidoglycan layer, and inside of cell membrane
53
anaerobes
do not use and my even be killed by oxygen
54
aerotolerant anaerobes
can tolerate the presence of oxygen, even though they cannot use it
55
Facultative
organisms can live with or without oxygen
56
aerobes
require oxygen to live
57
microaerophiles
aerobes that can use oxygen only when it is present at levels reduced from that in the air (need little oxygen to live)
58
photo
light (energy)
59
chemo
chemical reactions (energy source)
60
auto
carbon dioxide (carbon source)
61
hetero
organic compounds (carbon source)
62
extremophiles
live in the extreme conditions
63
thermophiles
live in high heat
64
culturing (cultivation)
the growth of microorganisms in controlled or defined conditions
65
pure culture
only one type of microbe is present
66
great plate count anomaly
genetic sequencing will be higher then your observation sequencing. Anomaly = observations and reality do not match
67
virus
noncellular infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells -intracellular obligate parasites
68
virion
extracellular form of a virus and contains either and RNA or DNA genome - infectious form
69
nucleocapsid
complete complex of nucleic acid and protein packaged in the virion
70
enveloped virus
virus that contains additional layers around the nucleocapsid - facilitates entrance of virus to host cell
71
capside
genetic elements and its proteins that surrounds the genetic element (protection)
72
pholem
feeding insects (vectors for plant viruses)
73
lytic cycle of virus
make copy of virus inside the host and then leave
74
lysogenic cycle of virus
virus incorporates into chromosome of host cell. virsu will then only replicate when host cell divides
75
symbiosis
range of interactions between two or more organisms (mutualism, commensalism, or parastism)
76
parasite
organism living on or in another organism and obtaining its nutrients and energy at the expense of the second organism
77
pathogen
biological agent that causes disease to host
78
disease
injurious physiological activity caused by the continuinou irritationa nd expressed in symptoms
79
infectious disease
disease caused by a pathogen and can spread
80
non infectious disease
disease that ic caused by an enviornmental or host factor. it is not spread
81
zoonotic disease
infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans

BIS 2C (2 decks)

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