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HIST 115 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anno urbis conditae

A

the year the city was founded

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2
Q

which rivers flow into Mediterranean Sea?

A

ebro
rhone
tiber

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3
Q

what 3 agricultural areas did early Rome surround?

A

po valley and apulia
Tuscany
Lazio

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4
Q

who lived in the gills around early Rome?

A

latins

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5
Q

what group of people lived north of Rome in tuscany?

A

non indo-European Etruscans

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6
Q

what group had crossed the alps and established in Po river valley in early Rome?

A

Celts

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7
Q

Etruscans

A

700 BC
seers and divination
city founding had a “sign”

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8
Q

who built the Main Street of Rome?

A

Etruscans

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9
Q

what 4 myths were there for the founding of Rome

A

Romulus and remus
Aeneas, trojan who fled troy
rape of sabine women
rape of Lucretia

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10
Q

legend of Horatius

A

citizen defending bridge over tiber to Rome
when bridge is destroyed plunges into water and swims to safety

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11
Q

legend of cinncinatus

A

citizen soldier/farmer asked by senate to become dictator of Rome with 6 month term to protect Rome from aequi

defeated aequi in 15 days and returns back to farm

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12
Q

who adopted the Cincinnati ideology?

A

George Washington

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13
Q

how many magistrates was early Rome senate made up of?

A

300

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14
Q

plebeian revolution and what forms out of it?

A

Patricians were mistreating plebes and they strike and swear oath to be loyal to eachother

forms council of plebes 471 BC and elects 2 tribunes to balance patrician consuls

law code called 12 tables was made

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15
Q

when is Rome first sacked by Celts and Gauls?

A

390 BC

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16
Q

what were the patricians and plebeians in the legion?

A

Patricians = officers
Plebians = soldiers

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17
Q

4 classes of legion infantry soldiers

A

Velites
Hastai
Principes
Triarii

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18
Q

Maniple

A

120 soldiers made up of 2 centuries or platoons of 60-80 soldiers

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19
Q

cohorts

A

3 maniples
Burma of 30 calvary

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20
Q

legions

A

made up of 10 cohorts 4500-500 men

cohorts switched to javelins and short swords

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21
Q

who were commanders of the legion

A

proconsuls
praetors
dictators

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22
Q

who were staff officers of the legion

A

quaestors
tribunes
legate

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23
Q

centurions

A

plebeians
commanded centuries

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24
Q

smallest unit in early legions

A

8-man tent group (contubernium)

commanded by junior leader called a decanus

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25
Q

how did centurions wear their crests

A

sideways

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26
Q

how many years military service was required to become officer?

A

10 years

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27
Q

what did centurions carry to encourage their armies?

A

sticks from grapevine

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28
Q

SPQR

A

Senate and people of Rome

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29
Q

Romes first great general

A

Marcus Furius Camillus

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30
Q

Sack of Rome 390 BC

A

Celts or gauls move into Po valley and invade central Italy

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31
Q

second Samnite war and what resulted from it?

A

roman army trapped and forced to surrender at battle of Caudine forks

roman accept armistice and reorganize army in checkerboard/cellular fashion

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32
Q

3rd Samnite war

A

Publius Decius Mus sacrificed his life; pushed romans to win war

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33
Q

war with pyrrhus

A

roman expansion into greek cities alarmed greek cities and they hire King Pyrrhus of Epirus and his Greek Macedonian-style phalanx to protect them

20,000 infantry, 3,000 calvary

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34
Q

Battle of Heraclea or Siris River

A

35,000 Romans versus 30,000 Greeks.
Pyrrhus wins with the aid of war elephants, which the Romans had never fought before.
The Romans lost some 15,000 men and Pyrrhus some 11,000.

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35
Q

Battle of Asculum

A

Pyrrhus won a hard fought two-day battle with Rome and her allies by using his elephants against the Roman cavalry.

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36
Q

Battle of Beneventum

A

Pyrrhus drove a Roman army back to its camp where the camp garrison managed to drive the elephants into the Greek phalanx causing confusion.
Pyrrhus is defeated with great loss

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37
Q

Carthage was founded by who?

A

Phoenicians in 800 BC

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38
Q

First Punic Wars

A

Rome decided to intervene in a war between two cities in Sicily, which had been colonized by the Greeks
Carthage regarded Sicily as being within its sphere of influence and so went to war with Rome

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39
Q

what was the first fight Corvus were used on ships?

A

Battle of Mylae

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40
Q

naval battle of drepana

A

had the chickens

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41
Q

who successfully defends against the Romans in Western Sicily

A

Hamilcar Barca

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42
Q

when is the first time in its recorded history Rome is at peace

A

235 BC

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43
Q

Illyrian War

A

Greek states ask Rome to rid the Adriatic Sea of pirates. Queen Teuta of Illyria has the Roman ambassadors murdered. A Roman army crushes Illyria.

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44
Q

Gallic Invasion of Central Italy 225-222 BC

A

Romans rally and defeat the Gauls, losing one of their generals in battle. Some 40,000 Gauls are slain, 10,000 captured and 20,000 escape.

45
Q

The Second Punic War - war with Hannibal

A

Hannibal besieges Saguntum, a Greek city and a Roman ally in Spain.
Rome demands that the siege be stopped and Hannibal surrendered.
Carthage refuses and Rome declares war.

46
Q

Battle of Trebia

A

Hannibal defeats a 40,000 man Roman army by concealing his brother Mago with an infantry and cavalry force in ravine where they could attack the Roman rear.

47
Q

Battle of Lake Trasimene

A

Hannibal ambushes a Roman army of 30,000 on the main road by Lake Trasimene in heavy fog in a classic linear ambush.
10,000 Romans escape

48
Q

Quintus Fabius “The Delayer”

A

avoids battle with Hannibal using “Fabian” tactics to delay and buy time for Rome to rebuild

49
Q

Battle of Cannae

A

Rome assembles an army of 8 Roman and 8 Allied legions, 80,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, under the command of Consuls Paulus (cool and cautious) and Varro (impetuous).

Hannibal is outnumbered two to one by the Romans; center fell back towards a river.

Hannibal’s flanking cavalry units chased off the Roman and Allied cavalry and then attacked the Roman rear as the flanking African infantry wheeled inwards on the Roman mass.

Romans were jammed together, unable to use their weapons and slaughtered. Some 60,000, including Paulus are killed

50
Q

which battle has served as a model of the perfect battle to other generals?

A

Battle of Canae

51
Q

First Macedonian War

A

Hannibal gets Philip V of Macedon to threaten to invade Italy

Rome is too busy with Hannibal to send ground forces but sends substantial naval forces to help its Greek allies fend off and distract the Macedonians.

52
Q

who is the young roman who leads a bunch of romans out of the battle of canna?

A

Scipio

53
Q

what does scipio do with the captured barbarian princess during taking of new Carthage?

A

sends her back to her fiancee and returns ransom parents offered for her back

54
Q

what battle was Hannibals brother killed in?

A

battle of metaurus

55
Q

when does scipio first meet Hannibal? who won that battle?

A

battle of Zama
Scipio

56
Q

what happens to Hannibal after defeat of battle of Rama?

A

Hannibal steps down to civil governor of Carthage

57
Q

why did Hannibal kill himself?

A

revived Carthage economy so well roman accused him of starting new war

flees and continues to be chased; kills himself to stop chasing

58
Q

Second Macedonian War

A

Roman army attacked the Macedonian phalanx while it was in march formation from the flank on uneven ground in the fog in the Battle of Cynoscephalae and inflicted 13,000 casualties at the cost of a few hundred Romans

59
Q

Third Macedonian War

A

Lucius Aemilius Paulus defeated the Macedonian phalanx at the Battle of Pydna

Paulus sent squads of Roman troops into the gaps that opened in the phalanx as it advanced on open ground. Once the Romans got inside the phalanx it fell apart

killed some 20,000 Macedonians and captured 11,000

60
Q

How did the 3rd Punic War start?

A

Carthage had paid off 50 years of reparations of 200 talents a year.

The Carthaginians had a dispute with Numidia, an ally of Rome

61
Q

The Third Punic War and the Destruction of Carthage

A

Rome demanded cessation of hostilities, 300 Carthaginian hostages, the surrender of its weapons, and the breaching of Carthage’s walls. Carthage did this but then refused Rome’s final demand to abandon the city and move inland.

Carthage citizens fight but around 90% are killed and the rest sold to slavery

Carthage destroyed by scipio; now called Africa

62
Q

which roman ally gave up their kingdom to Rome?

A

king of Pergamum

gave Rome its first province in Asia to control Mediterranean Sea

63
Q

where did Roman slaves during the Republic come from?

A

military conquest, piracy, abandoned children and the children of slaves.

64
Q

what were the most expensive slaves?

A

educated/talented ones

65
Q

latifundias

A

great roman farms

66
Q

what was Cato the Elder’s views toward slave treatment?

A

work them other death rather then replace

67
Q

The First Servile War

A

Some 70,000 Sicily slaves successfully revolted for three years

68
Q

The Second Servile War

A

slaves of Sicily seized most of the island. It took a Consular Army of 17,000 Roman soldiers to suppress it

69
Q

The Third Servile War

A

Thracian gladiator named Spartacus led the most successful and terrifying of the slave rebellions in Southern Italy

Spartacus trained a slave army of 40,000 men. He defeated two consular armies and was able to equip his soldiers with captured weapons and armour.

70
Q

who did Spartacus die in battle against?

A

Crassus

71
Q

who was the head of the roman family?

A

Paterfamilias (dominant male)

72
Q

cum manu

A

with legal control

73
Q

sine manu

A

without legal control

74
Q

oppian law and why it was issued

A

regulated how much gold jewellery and what sorts of fabrics and dresses patrician women could wear

imposed to save money during the War with Hannibal but remained on the record for six years after the war

75
Q

Plautus

A

wrote comedies

characters were stock: dirty old men, clever slaves, generous prostitutes, and young men in love

drunkenness, gluttony, and womanizing

76
Q

Terence

A

freed Carthaginian slave who wrote more subtle comedy, satire, for the more educated audience

77
Q

Stoicism

A

orderly created universe and emphasis on duty and brotherhood

78
Q

Epicureanism

A

saw the universe evolving from the random collision of atoms.

They enjoyed the simple pleasures of the senses and the company of good friends

79
Q

example of concrete dome structure from Rome

A

Pantheon

80
Q

insula

A

roman apartment buildings

81
Q

what were roman secondary schools called?

A

grammar schools

82
Q

what was roman state religion?

A

worship of a group of gods and goddesses

83
Q

pontifex maximus

A

headed a college of 16 priests

choose the six girls between ages 6 and 10 who would be the Vestal Virgins of Rome.

84
Q

Vestal Virgins

A

kept the sacred fire of Rome in the temple of Vesta burning

85
Q

janus

A

spirit of the doorway

86
Q

aediles

A

ran the games that were part of the festivals

often dipped into their own purses to provide extra special games in order to be elected to higher political offices

87
Q

publicans

A

Private companies that collected taxes, constructed roads, and supplied the army

88
Q

Who became wealthy building the roads and collecting the taxes as the empire expanded?

A

equestrians

89
Q

nobiles

A

small circle of rich and powerful families, both patrician and plebeian that controlled the senate and the magistracies

90
Q

2 parties of aristocrats

A

optimates
populares

91
Q

Tiberius Gracchus

A

conservative aristocrat who wished to restore the peasant farm

elected a tribune of the plebs for 133 BC and took his land reform bill to council of the plebs

authorized the government to take state land from the large landowners and give it to the landless Romans

92
Q

marian legion

A

grouped 6 centuries (or 3 maniples) into a cohort of some 500 –600 soldiers.

There were 10 cohorts in a legion

93
Q

The Social War

A

Italian cities rose in revolt to obtain Roman citizenship

Italy south of the Po River got citizenship

Marius gave citizenship to those who fought for Rome and eventually those who laid down their weapons, also got citizenship.

94
Q

Sulla and reign of terror

A

veteran general of the Social War and a former officer under Marius

returned from Asia and seized Rome in 82 BC

murdered his opponents and confiscated their property through the proscription list

became dictator, then restored the power of the senate and enlarged it by adding men from the equestrian order

95
Q

Cicero

A

lawyer, an orator and a writer

became a consul in 63 BC. He wanted the social orders to work together.

uncovered and spoke against the Catiline Conspiracy

96
Q

The First Triumvirate and how did each person benefit?

A

Caesar Crassus and Pompey

Caesar was elected consul, Pompey got land for his veterans, and Crassus’ equestrian friends got a reduction on the tax contracts they had over bid on

97
Q

biggest battle in conquest of gaul

A

siege of Alesia

98
Q

how many times does caesar invade Britain?

A

2

99
Q

which battle was Crassus killed in?

A

Battle of Carrhae

100
Q

which territory in gaul would never be conquered by romans?

A

Parthia

101
Q

The Great Roman Civil War

A

Pompey has the Senate order Caesar to disband his legions and return to Rome

Caesar crossed the Rubicon with one legion, headed directly for Rome, and drove Pompey out

Pompey flees and caesar follows

102
Q

Battle of Pharsalus

A

Caesar has only 30,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry
Pompey has 60,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry

Caesar sought battle; Pompey attempted to avoid it

103
Q

who kills Pompey? how does caesar react?

A

Egyptians

caesar was not happy

104
Q

when was caesar assassinated?

A

ides of March (march 15)
44 BC

105
Q

The Second Triumvirate

A

Mark Antony and Lepidus, are joined by Caesar’s 18-year old grandnephew and heir, Octavian

defeat the conspirators Brutus and Cassius in battle

Octavian attempted a union with Mark Antony by marrying his sister Octavia to him

Lepidus was dropped from the triumvirate and Antony went to Egypt to be with Cleopatra and have children with her.

Octavian declared war on Cleopatra and defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the sea battle of Actium in 31 BC.

106
Q

octavia

A

good woman

107
Q

the first roman emperor

A

caesar augustus (Octavian)

was awarded the title after victory at Actium

Brought Pax Romana (peace of Rome)

108
Q

princeps

A

HIST 115 (2 decks)

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