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Healthy aging > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

health inequity

A

unjust or unfair differences in health between persons, often rooted in social, economic, environmental, or systemic conditions that disadvantges certain grousp

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2
Q

health inequality

A

observable or measurable health differences in health status or outcomes among different population groups

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3
Q

diversity in aging

A

as people age, experiences of health, support, and well-being vary widely based on social determinants of health, which can lead to health inequalities

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4
Q

health inequailty in aging

A

measureable differences in health outcomes among older adults in various groups, such as varying levels of moblility, cognitive health, or life expectancy

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5
Q

health inequity in aging

A

often stem from lifelong disadvantages, such as poverty, racism or limited access to healthcare, which effect older adults later in life

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6
Q

what are health outcomes linked to

A

physical and mental inequalities
- socio-economic factors

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7
Q

intro to health inequalities

A
  • influence of poverty and disadvantage on health inequalities is consistent over time
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8
Q

substantial evidence-based research to show that:

A
  • older adults living in disadvantaged areas have less access to health care
  • disadvantaged groups have higher mortality and lower changes of survival
  • inequalities related to survuval from various health conditions are closely related to age, sex, ethnicity
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9
Q

what influences older adults risk for social isolation

A

risk factors related to health inequality and health inequity

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10
Q

indigenous peoples living in Canada

A
  • were in good health prior to colonization
  • included nutritious diets, rich and diverse healing systems, and active lifestyles
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11
Q

indigenous and European settlers

A
  • have poorer health outcomes
  • suffer from more chronic illness and disabilities, including heart disease and diabetes
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12
Q

indigenous and racisms (impacts)

A
  • racism and loss of support has been direct to poor health outcomes
  • type II more common as years go with indigenous
  • residential schools
  • effects of colonials continues to effect the health and healthy aging of indigenous peoples living in Canada today
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13
Q

dementia and different groups

A
  • certain ethno-racial groups (black, hispanic, hawwiian) have higher risks of developing dementia
  • these difference persist despite similar rate of cognitive decline across groups
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14
Q

risk and expression of dementia

A

are influenced by social determinants, discrimination, and access to care
- there are disparities in access, diagnosis and outcomes in dementia care

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15
Q

influential factors

A
  • socioeconomic status
  • cultural diversity
  • geographical location
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16
Q

prescription drug access

A
  • Canadas public health insurance covers hospital and physician visits but generally does not cover prescription medications
  • no policy (national) covers drug prescriptions (resulting in inconsistent access to medications)
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17
Q

what does the medication issue led to

A
  • health inequities and social injustice amongst some Canadians, disproportionately affecting those without private or provincial coverage options
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18
Q

who has better access to medications

A

people with private insurance or provincial drug benefit plans (older adults, ppl with disabilities)

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19
Q

oral health inequities

A
  • cover based on income and private benefits and typically not included in provinal health plans
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20
Q

due to lack of oral coverage

A

many older adults avoid dental care because of high costs

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21
Q

poor oral health can impact overall health by:

A
  • lost or broken teeth negatively affecting nutritional status= additional health complications
  • stigma around poor oral appearance can affect mental health, potentially leading to social isolation
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22
Q

caregivers and older adults

A

almost one quarter of seniors 65+ provided care or help to family members or friends with a long-term condition, a physical or mental disability, or problems with aging

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23
Q

what happens with caregivers

A
  • increased burden, depression, stress, financial problems, poor health, loneliness, social isolation
  • Spousal caregivers at greater risk of experiencing loneliness and decreased social support
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24
Q

caregiver interventions

A
  • physical and financial support through informal assistance
  • respite services
  • home care or related services
  • income and tax relief programs
  • education and skills training
  • psychological support
  • interactive online activities and groups
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25
Q

immigrant older adults in Canada

A
  • older adults represented a relatively smaller proportion of immigrants at 3.3% in Canada
  • considerable diversity among the immigrant population of older adults
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26
Q

what are older immigrants more likely to get

A
  • lonelier than Canadian-born older adults
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27
Q

Canadian born older adults

A

had higher prevalence of successful aging than immigrants

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28
Q

health immigrant effect

A

meaning immigrants are generally healthier than domestic-born Canadian when they first arrive

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29
Q

inclusive healthy aging interventions for immigrant older adults in Canada

A
  • additional data collection and research on immigrant older adults in Canada
  • culturally linguistically appropriate programs and services (finical aids, language programs, information and referral services)
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30
Q

older adults in rural/remote areas

A

approximately 23% of all seniors in canada live in rural areas
- increase risk of social isolation, smaller support networks, greater loneliness, and lower utilizations rates of health and social services

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31
Q

what are rural populations considered

A

a health disparity group in part because these populations have higher rate of mental health concerns, chronic disease and worse general health

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32
Q

what do rural older adults face?

A

increased risk of morbidity, obesity, diabetes, coronoary hearth disease, cancer, covid, excess mortality

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33
Q

strategies for improving healthy aging

A
  • reducing
  • joining
  • developing
  • improving
  • developing
  • stimulating
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34
Q

reducing

A
  • reducing health inequlities by providing older people with better access to health and social care services in rural/remote areas
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35
Q

joining

A

joining up transport, housing, health and social care services to improve cost effective service provision and access to services

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36
Q

developing

A

cost effective transport solutions to afford accessibility to services and better social integration

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37
Q

improving

A

housing and local environment conditions to allow older people to age in place

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38
Q

developing -2

A

developing volunteering and community based initiative to improve social integration of older adults in rural/remote areas

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39
Q

stimulating

A
  • bottom up social enterprises and collaborative ventures to improve the economic diversity and attractiveness of rural areas to encourage further economic development
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40
Q

who are the most financially vulnerable in Canada populations

A

older adults (especially those who live alone)

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41
Q

specifically what older adults are most finically vulnerable

A
  • with less education
  • intermittent work histories and low wages
  • older immigrants
  • indigenous older adults
  • those with chronic health conditions
  • those with disabilities
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42
Q

is the rate of older Canadian living in low income increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

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43
Q

with low income there is also increased risk of ?

A

loneliness, social isolation, poor health outcomes, lower quality of life, premature mortality

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44
Q

what is good about higher income

A

more years of good health than those with lower incomes

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45
Q

programs and services to help low income older adults

A
  • income assistance
  • provincial and territorial programs
  • residential rehabilitations assistance program (RRAP)
  • advanced life deferred annuities (ALDAs)
  • variable life payment annuities (VPLAs)
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46
Q

income assistance

A
  • low income seniors who don’t qualify for the full amount of Canada public pension programs may be eligible for income assistance, disability assistance, or hardship assistance
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47
Q

provincial and territorial program

A
  • many provinces and territories offer programs to provide extra support to people receiving the guaranteed income supplement (GIS) or allowance
  • can include tax deferment, prescription drug subsidies and rental subsidies
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48
Q

residential rehabilitation assistance program (RRAP)

A

offers financial assistance to create affordable housing for low-income seniors and adults with disabilities

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49
Q

advanced life deferred annuities

A

ALDAs allow individuals to put up to 25% of qualified registered funds into annuity, which can start paying an income at age 85

50
Q

variable life payment annuities

A

VPLAs provide payments based on pooled investment risk to help ensure that retirees have income at older ages

51
Q

health care professionals- increasing cultural competence in healthy aging

A

awareness
knowledge
skills

52
Q

culturally sensitive healthcare

A

all of these overlap
- patient centered care/ health literacy
- cultural targeting
- cultural competence
- under-served needs

53
Q

negative expectations for old age

A
  • smelly
  • demanding
  • loss of autonomy
  • time of loss
  • boring
54
Q

what is a age-related stereotypes

A

are defined as cognitive structures embedding beliefs and expectations that people hold about different age stages

55
Q

what are stereotypes

A

assumptions and generalizations about how people at or over a certain age should behave

56
Q

explicit attitudes

A
  • previously learned information
  • what people consciously endorse or believe
  • direct and deliberate
  • can be acknowledged
57
Q

implicit priming

A
  • associations that are outside of the conscious awareness
  • unconscious and effortless
  • indirect and automatic
  • involuntarily active
58
Q

what is the stereotype content model (SCM)

A
  • first proposed in 2002
  • all group stereotypes and interpersonal impressions form along two dimensions
  • the model is based on the notion that people are evolutionarily predisposed to first assess a strangers intent to either harm or help them (warmth) and second to judge the strangers capacity to act on that perceived intention (competence)
59
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of SCM

A

warmth
competence

60
Q

stone and baker

A
  • self efficacy and biomechanics related to stair navigation in older adults
  • primed older adults can navigate stairs with more confidence, quickness and efficiency
61
Q

barber et..

A
  • stereotype threat can impair older adults physical performance
  • dependent on tasks objective difficulty and participants subjective evaluations of their own recourses
62
Q

what is ageism?

A
  • refers to how we think (stereotype), feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) towards other or ourselves based on age
63
Q

everyday ageism

A
  • occurs in day-to-day lives through interpersonal interactions and exposure to ageist beliefs, assumptions, and stereotypes
64
Q

adults every days ageism (50-80)

A
  • 82% experiences one or more forms of everyday
  • 65% exposure to ageist messages
  • 45% ageism in interpersonal interactions
  • 36% internalized ageism
65
Q

what does ageism affect?

A

organizations, institutions, relationships and ourselves

66
Q

what does ageism affect? workplace?

A

ageism can affect financial security and mental health

67
Q

what does ageism affect? healthcare

A

is prevalent in healthcare, through communication, diagnosis, and treatment decisions

68
Q

what does ageism affect? media

A

ageism is present in the media with negative portrayals, underrepresentation, and framing aging as the program

69
Q

what does ageism affect? legal system

A

with ageism language, age, restrictions, and accessibility

70
Q

how does ageism affect somebody?

A
  • shortens older adults lives
  • poor physical health
  • delay in injury or illness recovery
  • decreased mental health
  • increased social isolation and loneliness
  • lower quality of life
71
Q

ageism affect everyone

A
  • cost society billions of dollars
  • causes conflict between generations
  • causes loss of productivity in the workplace
  • causes elder abuse
72
Q

media representations

A
  • portrayal of older adults: never make them the hero. older adults hardly have major roles, and are mostly men
  • many portrayed as negative or villainous
73
Q

what does the beauty industry do

A

try to defeat aging
- makes people want to get rid of their aging features
- fine if someone wants that but not fine if its put on my society

74
Q

categories of everyday ageism

A
  • exposure to ageist messages
  • ageism in interpersonal interactions
  • internalized ageism
75
Q

ways to combat ageism

A
  • policy and law
  • education
  • intergeneration
76
Q

policy and law

A
  • can address discrimination and inequality based on age and protect the human rights of everyone, everywhere
77
Q

education- combatting ageism

A

can transmit knowledge and skills and enhance empathy

78
Q

intergeneration- combatting ageism

A

can contribute to the mutual understanding and cooperation of different generations

79
Q

combatting ageism with research

A
  • investing resources in research activities, including into formative monitoring and evaluation research
  • important for campaigns to foster learning
  • ensure research findings are responded to in an appropriate matter
  • know what and how to measure, include research in the campagins
80
Q

combatting ageism with community work

A

engage
involve
include

81
Q

engage

A

engage, respond to, and incorpate voices of the community
- participatory action research

82
Q

involve

A
  • involve a range of government structures
  • middle out approach
  • work alongside various partners to enable to effective use of recourses
83
Q

include

A
  • include representatives from affected communities in workshops, marketing and feedback
  • create co-researchers
84
Q

what is the social comparison theory

A

process through which people come to know themselves by evaluation Ing their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs in comparison with others relates to self-evaluation and self-enhancement

85
Q

what is the upward comparison

A

comparison to someone who appears to have thing better. “you are better than me”

86
Q

downward comparison

A

comparsion to someone who appears to have thing worse
“I feel sorry for you”

87
Q

types of barriers

A
  • physical
  • social
  • emotional
  • spiritual
  • environmental
88
Q

physical factors

A
  • age
  • advanced age
  • gender
  • comorbidities
  • addiction
  • medical events
89
Q

social barriers

A
  • illness and disability
  • loss of contact with friends/relative
  • lack of supportive community
  • lack of acceptable social opportunities
  • lack access to quality relationships
  • physical and cognitive limitations
  • personal responsibilities
  • transportation
90
Q

aging and driving

A
  • every 2 years 80+ years have to do a vision + written test, education about new traffic laws, cognitive test in order to keep license
  • individual 70+ more likely to crash than divers aged 25 and younger (plus more injuries or death when crashing)
  • ppl usually drive 7-10 years longer than they should
  • loss of autonomy
91
Q

environmental barriers

A
  • low income
  • accessibility
  • education
  • safety
  • community design
  • transportation
  • services
  • programs available
  • assisted living
92
Q

primary facilitators to healthy aging

A
  • healthy diet
  • physical activity
  • mental well-being
  • social support
  • preventive health and safety
  • acceptance of aging
  • multimodel interventions
  • economic autonomy
93
Q

healthy diet

A
  • eating well can help people meet their energy and nutrient needs and may help prevent chronic diseases
94
Q

physical activity

A
  • regular exerices can help people live longer and better and may reduce the risk of chronic conditions like heart dieases and dementia
95
Q

mental well-being

A
  • maintaining balance, connection with others, and being prepared for challenges can help with mental well-being
96
Q

social support

A
  • social support and encouragement can help people age healthily
97
Q

preventive health and safety

A
  • regular checkup, immunizations, screenings, and checking for vision and hearing loss can help with preventive health and safety
98
Q

acceptance of aging

A

accepting aging can help people make lifestyle decisions then take into account their physical and social situation

99
Q

multimodal interventions

A
  • incorpating physical activity, intellectual engagement, emotional control, social interaction, and meaning can help with healthy aging
100
Q

economic autonomy

A
  • increasing access to economic autonomy can help people age healthily
101
Q

health promotion

A

process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health by developing their resources to maintain or enhance well being.
- action for health using knowledge, communication and understanding

102
Q

health promotion, how?

A

complementing existing health promotion programs to ensure they are adequately meeting the needs of older adults, epically vulnerable population

103
Q

core strategies for promoting healthy aging

A
  • focus on prevention and wellness
  • equity and accessibility
  • person-centered approach
104
Q

focus on prevention and wellness

A
  • proactive health screenings
  • health education
  • vaccine and immunization programs
105
Q

equity and accessibility

A
  • address rural and remote access
  • support for low-income older adults
  • culturally sensitive care
106
Q

person-centered approach

A
  • personalized health plans
  • self-management support
  • advance care planning
107
Q

6 evidence based strategies for healthy aging

A
  • physical activity
  • social/leisure activities
  • intellectual engagement
  • nutrition
  • stress management
  • sleep
108
Q

examples of nondrug prevention and treatment stragteies currently under studys

A
  • blood pressure control
  • diet
  • sleep
  • hearing
  • cognitive training
  • social engagement
  • PA
109
Q

intersectionality of physical activity and PA

A
  • highest levels of PA reduce risk of cognitive decline and dementia by 20%
  • PA has most positive results on healthy aging in combination with interventions
  • reduce anxiety and depression
  • improves sleep quality
110
Q

PA programs + cognitiely stimulation exercise =

A

significant improvement in cognitive health and mental well-being

111
Q

benefits of sleep

A
  • supports brain health
112
Q

bad sleep

A

not getting enough
sleep disorders

113
Q

lack of sleep

A

makes the brains emotional center overreact, while reducing control over emotions, increasing the risk of depression, aggression, and attention problems

114
Q

sleep-deprived people

A

have difficulty interpreting emotional signals and may respond more strongly to negative cues

115
Q

when sleep-deprived

A

people often perceived neutral thing as negative, leading to a “threat-bias” in their perception

116
Q

intersectionality of social/leisure activities and healthy aging

A

social relationships (support groups, social groups)= maintain and improve cogntivie and mental well-being

117
Q

relationships between..

A
  1. social acitivity with global cognition, overall executive functioning, working memory, visuospatial abilities and processing speed
  2. social networks with global cognition
  3. social support with global cognition and episodic memory
118
Q

caloric restriction

A

has been controversially shown to beneficially effect cognitive aging
- NOT recommended for older adults
- reduce risk of chronic disease and improves cognitive and mental health

119
Q

diets

A

Mediterranean diet can result in lower risk of dementia

120
Q

vitamin

A

isolated vitamin deficiencies associated with cognitive disorders
- adequate intake of protein, fiber, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids

121
Q

manage stress

A

chronic stress and high allostatic load speed up aging and raise the risk of age related diseases
- maning stress encouraging healthy behaviours and reducing physiological responses can help lower allostatic load, promoting healthier aging

Healthy aging (2 decks)

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