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Healthy aging > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

age trends and projections in Canada (1921-2046)

A

as years keep going up the age population of older people is also increasing

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2
Q

what places have the highest senior population

A
  • newfoundland and labrador
  • new brunswick
  • nova scotia
  • qubec
  • PEI
  • BC
  • ON
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3
Q

what places have the lowest senior population

A
  • nunavut
  • northwest territories
  • alberta
  • yukon
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4
Q

does the individual life expectance continue to increase?

A

yes as the year continue the life expectancy does too

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5
Q

what are the life span predictions

A
  • decreases in infant mortality rate (advances in medicence)
  • advances in public health
  • plateau of expectancy
  • adding “life to years” instead of “years to life”
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6
Q

aging and quality of life

A
  • living longer doesn’t always mean living better
  • decreased quality of life
  • decrease in physical, cognitive, mental, social health
  • increase in common mordibities and comorbidities
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7
Q

desire to live longer is associated with:

A
  • positive psychological wellbeing
  • increased happiness, life satisfaction, purpose in life
  • decreased risk of all-cause mortality (mediated by lifestyle behaviours)
  • decreased mortality from cancer or suicide (mediated by lifestyle behaviours
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8
Q

what are the types of aging

A
  • chronological age
  • biological age
  • psychological age
  • functional age
  • social psychological/subjective age
  • social age (social roles)
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9
Q

chronological age

A

the number of years a person has lived

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10
Q

biological age

A

a description of individuals development based on biomedical markers that are determined by molecular or cellular event

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11
Q

psychological age

A

description of ones own experiences using nonphysical features such as experience, logic and emotional

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12
Q

social psychological/subjective age

A

the personal subjective age of a person based on how old the individual feels and how they feel towards age

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13
Q

social age

A

the social roles that an individual has placed on them by society that determines their age

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14
Q

functional age

A

a combination of chronological, biological, and psychological age.
- considered to be the wholistic picture of a person described age

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15
Q

types of functional aging

A

1st age- childhood (not describe by chronocial order)

2nd age- working and partetning

3rd age- ‘young old’ age between 65-84 years

4th age - above 85years

not everyone reaches all the ages or some skip because of health conditions and etc..*

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16
Q

what is healthy aging

A

“continuous process of optimizing opportunities to maintain and improve physical and mental health, independence, and quality of life throughout the life course”

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17
Q

what is included in healthy aging defintion

A
  • meet their basic needs
  • learn, grow, and make decisions
  • be mobile
  • build and maintain relationships
  • contribute to society
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18
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

biological- often associated with relationship of disease and bodily health

social- interpersonal factors such as social interactions and community activities

psychological- the aspects of mental and emotional wellness that also relate to behaviour

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19
Q

fries (1980)

A

compression of morbidity
- burden of illness is compressed and more relative later in life, if it is not effecting you for a long time you have a better quality of life

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20
Q

rowe and hahn (1987)

A

human aging: usual and successful

  • widely cited in geriatrics, gerontology, aging research literature
  • avoiding disease and disability
  • high cognitive and physical function
  • engagement with life
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21
Q

MacArthur foundation study on successful aging

A
  • led by john W. rowe
  • American gerontology perceived to be in a crisis
  • interdisciplinary cooperation
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22
Q

strawbrdige et al (2002)

A
  • need to include the effect of chronic conditions and functional difficulties with successful aging-higher rates of successful aging
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23
Q

reichstadt et al (2010)

A
  • qualitative interviews on successful aging in older adult perspectives
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24
Q

what are the 2 broad categories of aging theory

A
  1. stochastic theories of aging
  2. programmed theories
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25
Q

stochastic theories of aging

A
  • most prevalent theory is free radical theory of aging
  • anti-oxidant vitamins
  • age spots
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26
Q

free radical theory

A
  • metabolic reactions occurring continuously in the body produce unstable molecules called free radicals
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27
Q

nonstochastic theories of aging

A
  • programmed theories
  • evolved from work by Hayflick and moorehead
  • biological clock
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28
Q

neuroendocrine-immunological theory

A

tied to BOTH programmed and free radical theory
- immunity theory of aging

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29
Q

general physical changes with aging

A
  • increased risk of chronic disease
  • decline in lean body mass & bone density
  • increased risk of fractures
  • increased risk of falls
  • impaired oral, eye, ear health
  • changes in skin, taste, smell
  • geriatric syndromes
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30
Q

geriatric syndromes

A
  • depression
  • function disability
  • falling
  • malnutrition
  • urinary incontinence
  • cognitive impairment
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31
Q

changes during aging

A
  • skeletal
  • musculature
  • vision
  • hearing
  • vestibular
  • joint proprioception
  • balance
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32
Q

what is the skeletal system essential for

A

calcium storage, movement, reduce frailty

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33
Q

at what age does progression of various issue with skeletal system start

A

30

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34
Q

what are the changes in skeletal system that happen at 30+

A
  • density or mass of bones being to dimmish
  • bones more fragile and more likely to break
  • development of osteoporosis or osteoarthritis
  • stiffer/ less flexible joints
  • limited range of motion
  • collapse of vertebrae
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35
Q

what is the musculature system essential for

A
  • prevention weakness and fatigue
  • improve ability to perform activities of daily living
  • reduce risk of falls and injury
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36
Q

when does peak muscle strength occur at

A

age 20-30

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37
Q

when does the musculature system start to change

A

after 30

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38
Q

changes to musculature system

A
  • muscle fibers start to shrink
  • muscle atrophy= the thinning or loss of muscle tissues (muscle “wastes away”)
  • sarcopenia = loss of muscle
  • muscles fibers not able to contract as quickly
  • presence of lipofuscin
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39
Q

what can cause changes

A
  • by 50 changes occur due to environment, genes, illness/diseases, and socioeconomic factors
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40
Q

common visual changes

A
  • glaucoma
  • dry eyes
  • macular degeneration
  • cataracts
  • diabetic retinopathy
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41
Q

presbycusis

A

progressive, multifaceted, age-related hearing loss
- influenced by factors like genetics, environment, trauma, ototoxic medicines

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42
Q

forms of hearing loss

A

sensorineural, conductive, and mixed hearing lss
- can impact one or both years

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43
Q

vestibular changes

A
  • balance and where tou are in space
  • causes people to be more cautious because balance is off and cause more falls
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44
Q

mechanoreceptors changes

A

located in the joints, capsules, ligament, muscles, tendons, and skins
- impaired/deterioration of proprioception leading to less accurate detection of body position
- can result in increased risk for falls degenerative joint disease

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45
Q

three fundamental properties of balance

A
  • steadiness
  • symmetry
  • dynamic stability
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46
Q

balance and aging

A

balance disorders result from steady reduction of several systems functions, including musculoskeletal system, CNS& sensory system

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47
Q

what does good balance require

A
  • reliable sensory input from an individuals vision, vestibular system & proprioceptors
  • as you age, these system can deteriorate
  • many falls are related to balance issues
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48
Q

what is number one leading health concerns for older adults

A

FALLING

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49
Q

how many people have a chronic disease

A

73% of individuals aged 65+ years old have at least 1 of 10 common chronic diseases

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50
Q

how many have ischemic heart disease

A

27%

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51
Q

what percent have diabetes

A

26.8%

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52
Q

what percentage has hypertension

A

65.7%

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53
Q

what percentage has periodontal disease

A

52.0%

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54
Q

what percentage has osteoarthritis

A

38%

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55
Q

what percentage has asthma

A

10.7%

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56
Q

what percentage has mood and anxiety disorders

A

10.5%

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57
Q

what percentage has osteoporosis

A

25.1%

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58
Q

what percentage has cancer

A

21.5%

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59
Q

what percentage has COPD

A

20.2%

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60
Q

aging risk factors

A

alcohol and tobacco use
nutrition
physical activity
sleep

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61
Q

alcohol and tobacco use

A

9.5% report daily or occasional tobacco use and 8.3% exceed low risk drinking guidelines

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62
Q

nutrition

A

77.3% of sample consume fruits and vegetables less than 5x a day

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63
Q

physical activity

A

60.6% of sample dont meet PA guidelines

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64
Q

sleep

A

46.8% of sample report trouble falling asleep

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65
Q

what is one of the most important risk factors for chronic disease

A

aging

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66
Q

what is multimorbidity

A

defined as the co-occurrence in the same individual of two or more of ten common chronic disease, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, COPD, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer disease or other dementia, mood and anxiety disorders

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67
Q

what is multimorbidity associated with

A

impaired quality of life, increased use of health care resources, institutionalization, adverse health effects, disability and premature death

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68
Q

does the proportion of seniors with multimorbidity increase with age?

A

yes

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69
Q

diabetes & risk factors

A
  • diabetes is a growing public health burden in older adults
  • aging increases the risk of diabetes
  • management of diabetes for older adults is more complicated
    • coexisting medical conditions
    • cognitive issues
    • diabetes self-management is more difficult due to lack of knowledge and access to resources
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70
Q

does cardiovascular disease increase with age with or without risk factors

A

yes. risk factors increase rate of lifetime risk %

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71
Q

high blood pressure

A
  • most common in older adults
  • due to changes in the vascular system as one ages
  • reduction of elastic tissue, resulting in stiff arteries
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72
Q

falls

A
  • most common cause of injury
  • one of the leading causes of death
  • 1/5 falls cause a serious injury
  • large cost to healthcare system result from falls
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73
Q

post fall syndrome

A
  • creates a cycle of increasing weakness and instability through joint mobility reductions, physical deconditioning, and poor balance
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74
Q

what is part of post fall syndrome

A
  • dependence
  • loss of autonomy
  • loss of self-confidence
  • depression
  • confusion
  • immobilization
  • restriction to daily activities
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75
Q

fall cycle in seniors steps:

A
  1. fall
  2. loss of balance confidence
  3. fear of falling again
  4. self restriction of physical activities
  5. reduced muscle strength, impaired balance
  6. abnormal gait, more unstable on feet
  7. increased risk of falling
    then they fall again and cycle continues
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76
Q

compensatory mechanisms

A

cautious gait
frozen gait

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77
Q

cautious gait

A

excessive degree of age-related changes in walking and fear of falling

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78
Q

frozen gait

A

abnormal gate pattern in which there are sudden, short and temporary episodes of an inability to move the feet forward despite the intention to walk

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79
Q

what does AVOID stand for

A

Activity
Vaccinate
Optimize medications
Interact
Diet & nutrition

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80
Q

what are the 7 behaviours of a healthy lifestyle

A
  1. exercising
  2. eating a diet with vegetables
  3. not smoking
  4. drinking in moderation
  5. getting adequate rest
  6. coping with stress
  7. having a positive outlook
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81
Q

what is the 7 behaviours missing

A

social interaction

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82
Q

what are basic activities of daily living

A
  • dressing
  • locomotion
  • continence (bathroom)
  • eating
  • transferring
  • walking and moving around
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83
Q

instrumental activities of daily living

A
  • using a telephone
  • traveling
  • shopping
  • preparing meals
  • house work
  • taking medicine
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84
Q

what are the maintaining “performance” a good thing for

A

good way to monitor their independence

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85
Q

what are the types of PA

A

aerobic (endurance)
strength
flexibility
balance
functional

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86
Q

aerobic (endurance)

A
  • supplies o2 to brain
  • walking, jogging, swimming
  • 20-30min a day moderate intensity
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87
Q

strength

A
  • muscle work more than daily living activities
  • weight training, resistance bands, body weight
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88
Q

flexibility

A
  • flexibility and stretching for increased freedom of movement for everyday activities and other excercise
  • yoga, leg raises, swimming, tai chi
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89
Q

balance

A
  • strengthens muscles that keep you upright
  • improve stability and prevent falls
  • very important to have good balance for older individuals
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90
Q

functional

A
  • trains muscle to work together
  • prepares for daily tasks by reproducing common movements
  • various muscles in upper and lower body used at same time
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91
Q

what are benefits of PA

A
  • can make a substantial difference in a persons life
  • decrease BP
  • increase strength and CV endurance
  • increase balance
  • increase lung and breathing function
  • improve immune function
  • reduce depression and anxiety
  • control obesity
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92
Q

frailty and exercise

A
  • everyone benefits
  • adults at risk of frailty or living with frailty
  • individuals in long term care
  • hospitalized individuals
  • can help improve physical function, help minimize and delay age-related declines
  • aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and multi-component physical activity programs all demonstrate benefits
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93
Q

benefits related to frailty and PA

A
  • improves ability to perform tasks
  • prevents weak bones and muscle loss
  • improves joint mobility
  • improves sleep quality
  • reduces risk of chronic conditions
  • extends years of activity and independent living
  • lowers risk of dementia
  • reduces likelihood of falls
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94
Q

what are barriers to activity

A
  • intrinsic barriers
  • extrinsic barriers
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95
Q

intrinsic barriers

A
  • related to the beliefs, motives and experiences of the individual
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96
Q

examples of intrinsic barriers

A
  • previous experiences at school, concerns about over-exertion, or perceptions of physical activity
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97
Q

extrinsic barriers

A
  • related to the broader physical activity environment
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98
Q

examples of extrinsic barriers

A
  • such as skills and attitudes of others, the type of opportunities available, access and safety
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99
Q
  1. main avenues for overcoming barriers
A

reassurance in relation to concerns about safety, frequency and intensity

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100
Q

second main avenue for overcoming barriers

A

education of individuals as to what is appropriate physical activity

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101
Q

changing up PA

A

strength
flexibility
balance and agility
co-ordination and dexterity
speed
muscular endurance

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102
Q

what are master athletes

A

starting as early as 25-35+
- activity dependent
- later-life leisure
- increasing in popularity and participation

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103
Q

are master athletes seen as role models or social comparison

A
  • they are seen as both.
  • modelling for some people and shows that anyone can do it
  • or creates comparison making people think they arent good enough
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104
Q

what is cognition

A
  • emcompasses all mental abilities, memory knowlesge, promblem sovling, attention, reasoning, language
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105
Q

what is cognitive health

A

CDC defines cognitive health as a brain that can perform all the mental processes that are collectively known as cognition, including the ability to learn new thing, intuition, judgment, language, and remembering

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106
Q

what are cognitive non-linear changes occurring during aging

A
  • memory
  • attention
  • language
  • intelligence
  • brain changes
  • everyday functioning in familiar environments”
107
Q

brain reserve (BR)

A

“passive” form of capacity that is thought to depend on the structural properties of the brain
- the brains physical or structural components (size of neurons and connections)

108
Q

less brain reserve

A

lower threshold for the expression of functional impairments
- more vulnerable

109
Q

cognitive reserve (CR)

A

describes an “active” mechanism for coping with brain pathology
- the brain ability to cope with damage or changes, such as aging or disease, by utilizing pre-existing cognitive processes and neural networks more efficiently
- helps maintain cognitive function

110
Q

what is the factor that decrease the least when aging

A

vocabulary

111
Q

aging and long term memory

A

as you age might experience slower processing speed and difficulty retrieving memories, but not all memory decline is related to diseases like Alzheimer’s

112
Q

neuroplasticity

A

engaging in mentally stimulating activities can help maintain long-term memory function

113
Q

what are the types of long term memory

A

episodic memory
semantic memory

114
Q

episodic memory

A

(personal experiences) tends to decline with age

115
Q

semantic memory

A

(facts and knowledge) usually remains stable longer

116
Q

what plats a crucial role within the neural systems for long term memory

A

the hippocampus
- a reduction in hippocampal volume may contribute to age related cognitive decline

117
Q

fluid intelligence

A

tasks that involve quick thinking, info manipulation, activities involving allocation and reallocation of attention

118
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

tasks that tap well-learned stills, language, and retrieval of well-learned material rely more on this

119
Q

examples of fluid intelligence

A

tests of memory
spatial relations
abstract and inductive reasoning
free recall
mental calculation
how fast you can solve a math problem

120
Q

examples of crystallized intelligence

A

verbal meaning
word association
social judgement
number skills
know capitals of cities

121
Q

over time as you age when declines fast fluid or crystallized

A

fluid intelligence

122
Q

factors affecting cognitive needs

A
  • blood pressure great than 140/90
  • genetic predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease
  • elevated cholesterol levels
  • inflammation
  • myocardial infarction
  • diabetes
  • stroke
  • depression
  • alcohol consumption
  • poor quality of sleep
  • low physical activity
  • social isolation
  • social determinate of health such as education and income
123
Q

dementia

A
  • umbrella term
  • describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life
  • cognitive and psychological changes
124
Q

what is dementia caused by

A

damage to or loss of nerve cells and their connection in the brain

125
Q

dementia and comorbidities

A

individuals with dementia are more likely to have comorbidities

126
Q

causes of dementia

A
  • neurodegeneration, which is the damage and death of brain neurons
  • dependent on types of neurons and brain regions affected and type of dementia
127
Q

dementia statistics

A
  • it is increasing each year in canada
  • life tractroy is increasing/ living longer therefore more people are getting diagnosed
128
Q

what are the 8 A’s of dementia

A
  • anosognosia
  • agnosia
  • aphasia
  • apraxia
  • altered perception
  • amnesia
  • apathy
  • attention deficits
129
Q

anosognosia

A
  • ignorance of the presence of disease
130
Q

agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by using the senses

131
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to speak or understand spoken, written or sign language

132
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful movements

133
Q

altered perception

A

misinterpretation of information from senses

134
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss

135
Q

apathy

A

lack of interest; inability to begin activities

136
Q

attention deficits

A

cant sustain/shift attention; easily distracted

137
Q

risk factors that cannot be changed

A
  • age
  • sex
  • genetics
138
Q

risk factors that can be changes in early life

A

(up to 45)
- less education is associated with greater risk of dementia

139
Q

risk factors that can be changes in midlife

A

(age 45-65)
- hypertension
- high alcohol intake
- obesity
- hearing loss
- traumatic brain injury

140
Q

risk factors that can be changes in later life

A

(65+)
- smoking
- depression
- social isolation
- physical inactivity
- air pollution
- diabetes

141
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • most common cause of a progressive dementia in older adults
142
Q

how does alzheimer occur

A

when proteins (called plaques) and fibers (tangles) build up in the brain

143
Q

signs & symptoms of early alzheimers

A
  • beginning of memory loss that disrupts daily life
  • coming up with the right word or name
  • remembering names when introduced to new people
  • having difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings
  • forgetting material that was just read
  • misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
  • changes in mood and personality
  • experiencing increased trouble with risk factors that can be changes in early life and organizing
144
Q

signs and symptoms of moderate Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • being forgetful of events/personal history
  • moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations
  • being unable to recall info about themselves like their address or telephone number
  • experiencing confusion about what day it is
  • troubles controlling bladder and bowels
  • changes in sleep pattern
  • showing an increased tendency to wander and become lost
  • demonstrating personality and behaviour changes
145
Q

signs and symptoms of server Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • require around the clock assistance with daily personal care
  • lose awareness or recent experiences as well as of their surroundings
  • experience changes in physical abilities, includign walking, sitting, eventually swallowing
  • troubles with communication or none
  • become vulnerable to infection, pneumonia
146
Q

diagnosis for dementia

A
  • medical history
  • physcial exam and diagnostic exam for other conditions
  • neuro exam
  • mental cognitive status exam
  • mini mental state exam
  • brain imaging
  • protein analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
  • blood samples
147
Q

how much of worldwide dementia could be preventable?

A

40%

148
Q

what are the 12 changeable risk factors

A
  • education
  • hearing loss
  • traumatic brain injury
  • hypertension
  • alcohol
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • depression
  • social isolation
  • physical inactivity
  • air pollution
  • diabetes
149
Q

mental health

A
  • cognitive function
  • mental disorders
150
Q

cognitive function

A

changes in memory, attention, and processing speed

151
Q

mental disorders

A

depression, anxiety , cognitive impairments

152
Q

well-being

A
  • coping mechanisms
  • resilience
153
Q

coping mechanisms

A

strategies used to manage stress and life changes

154
Q

resilience

A

ability to adapt positively to adversity or significant life event

155
Q

quality of life

A
  • life satisfaction
  • purpose and meaning
156
Q

life satisfaction

A

overall contentment and fulfillment with life experiences

157
Q

purpose and meaning

A

a sense of contribution and meaning engagement in daily activities and relationships

158
Q

social connection

A

social support
social isolation

159
Q

social support

A

relationships with family, friends, and communities

160
Q

social isolation

A

The degree to which an individual lacks a sense of engagement with others

161
Q

cultural influences

A

cultural identity
cultural competence

162
Q

cultural identity

A

the preservation and influence of ones cultural background

163
Q

cultural competence

A

the ability to interact effectively with people from diverse cultural backgrounds

164
Q

life transitions

A

retirement
bereavement

165
Q

retirement

A

adjusting to a new phase of life with changes to ones routine, responsibilities, and identity

166
Q

bereavement

A

coping with loss and the associated grief process

167
Q

self-identity and autonomy

A

self-esteem
autonomy

168
Q

self esteem

A

maintaining a positive self-image and self-worth

169
Q

autonomy

A

maintaining independence and control over ones life decisions

170
Q

what is mental illness

A

characterized by alteration in thinking, mood, or behaviour, or any combinations thereof assocatied with some significant distress and impaired functioning.

  • mental illness take many forms, including mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety, personality, eating disorders, addicitons
171
Q

mental illness vs. mental health

A

a dual continuum of how they interact
- someone can have low mental illness and high mental health

172
Q

what does the prevlaence of mental health problems range from

A

in adults over 65 ranges from 20-30%

173
Q

what is the most common mental health condition among older adults

A

depression

174
Q

what raises estimated of mental health issues to 40% for older adults

A

sub-clinical depression

175
Q

how many death are from suicide in older adults

A

25% in people over 60
(highest for older males)

176
Q

what effects mental health

A
  • external factors (housing, income, transportation, mobility, services)
  • internal factors (emotional factors, spiritual, social, physical)
177
Q

why are mental illnesses missed?

A
  • signs and symptoms often differ from those in younger people
  • adults less likely to self-identify problems
  • mental illness can accompany or stem from serious physical illnesses and disorders
  • environmental, social, cultural factors can affect a persons signs and symptoms of mental illnesses and willingness to seek treatment
  • care giver stress and burnout
178
Q

older adults, dignity and mental illness

A

loneliness, lack of policy provisions, increased frailty, lesser focus on functional recovery, neurocognitive disorders, institutionalization, healthcare inequalities, social stigma and discrimination, ageism and elder abuse ALL compromised DIGNITY IN OLDER PEOPLE

179
Q

neurotransmitter and healthy aging

A
  • dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine all decreased with age
180
Q

dopamine

A
  • reward-motivation system
  • motor control, decision-making and teaching, motivation, pleasure
181
Q

serotonin

A

boost when you feel significant and important
- mood, memory, sleep, cognition

182
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • regulates blood pressure
  • memory formation and retrieval
  • stress and sleep regulation
183
Q

common mental health disorders in older adults

A
  • depression
  • suicide
  • anxiety disorders
  • dementia
  • loneliness and isolation
  • delusional disorders
  • delirium
  • paraphrenia
  • concurrent disorders
184
Q

depression

A
  • not normal part of aging
  • distinct type in late life (reactive with long-term care?)
  • depressive symptoms are very similar to dementia, so person is often labeled as having dementia
185
Q

late onset depression

A

often has a cognitive component, some memory impairment, which may be related to decreased blood flows or TIAs (stroke)

186
Q

why is hard to tell if someone has depression

A

because depressive symptoms are very similar to dementia, so the person is often mislabed as having dementia

187
Q

symptoms of depression

A

sleep
interest
guilt
concentration
energy
appetite
psychomotor
suicide

188
Q

depression- sleep

A
  • change in patterns
  • day time napping
  • unable to sleep
  • feeling tired
189
Q

depression- interest

A
  • lack of interest or pleasure in life daily activities, anhedonia, physical limitations and pain limiting activities that they once enjoyed
190
Q

depression-guilt

A

feeling like a burden, worthlessness, grift and loss, compounding life stressors, changes in roles, and responsibilities, and feeling sad without a reason

191
Q

depression- concentration

A
  • fears about cognitive decline and memory loss, and acute stress
  • medical conditions that may occur independent of depression can contribute to issues with concentration and memory
192
Q

depression- energy

A
  • changes in energy, increase in angry, aggressive, agitated, irritable
193
Q

depression- appetite

A
  • changes to appetite, unintended weight gain or loss, increased or decreased sense of hunger
  • change in eating patterns
  • or change in foods
194
Q

depression-psychomotor

A

reduced activity, like energy, feeling that they have slowed down, or a sense of restlessness

195
Q

depression- suicide

A
  • feeling hoplessness, helplessness, and sadness
  • thoughts of death
196
Q

late-life depression

A
  • developed at the beginning of old age
  • affects every 1 in 5 individuals
  • characterized by an atypical cluster of symptoms
  • less likely to be characterized by sadness
  • underdiagnosed and inadequately treated
  • becomes challenging to distinguish from dementia
197
Q

what is delirium

A

acute change in mental status causing shift in cognitive functioning, reduced environmental awareness, altered attention, and behaviour changes

198
Q

types of delirium

A
  1. hypoactive
  2. hyperactivity
  3. mixed
199
Q

hypoactive

A

withdrawn, reduced speech and activity, apathy, unawarenss

200
Q

hyperactivity

A

increased activity, irritability, restlessness, combativeness

201
Q

mixed

A

fluctuations in psychomotor activty

202
Q

what are short term delirium outcomes

A

fall
pressure injuries
aspiration pneumonia
distress
prolonged hospital stay
long-term care admission
increased risk of mortality

203
Q

long term delurium outcomes

A

functional and cognitive impairment
dementia
post-traumatic stress symptoms
sleep disturbances
increased risk of mortality

204
Q

risk factors of delirium

A

-age
- comorbidity
- illness severity
- history of delirium
- dementia
- depression
- history of transient ischemia or stroke
- unmanaged pain
- hearing and visual impairment
- sleep deprivation

205
Q

what is a common issue with delirum

A

it gets throw under and just called dementia but it shouldn’t be because it is different and could be prevent if take right approaches

206
Q

factors reduction risk of delirium

A

1, cognitive reserve
2. social support and interactions
3. environment influences
4. pain management

207
Q

reducing risk of delirium-cognitive reserve

A
  • the capacity of the mature adult brain can buffer the effects of neurological disease or injury
208
Q

social support and interactions- reducing risk of delirium

A

regular visits from care partners help to reduce the burden of cognitive impairment and provide comfort with frequent reorientation

209
Q

environmental influences- reducing risk of delirium

A

exposure to natural daylight can support the promotion of regular circadian rhythms and healthy sleep cycles

210
Q

pain management- reducing risk of delirium

A
  • appropriate and consistent pain assessments should be conducted to ensure pain is adequately controlled and severity is monitored, especially if communication becomes difficult with delirium
211
Q

the intersection of delirium and mental health conditions

A
  • unfortunately, some of the population most vulnerable to delirium are older adults who have dementia, depression, and acute psychiatric syndrome
  • each of these syndromes can co-occur with delirium
212
Q

what is it called when when an individual with pre-existing dementia develops delirium

A

it is called delirium superimposed on dementia

213
Q

loneliness

A
  • more of a state of mind
  • the perception of being alone and isolated that matters most
  • subjective, negative feeling related to the deficient social relations
  • reported to be more dangerous than smoking
214
Q

symptoms of loneliness/things that could occur

A
  • suicidal ideation
  • para-suicide
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • dementia
  • negative effects on immune system
  • effects of cardio-vascular system
  • increased risk of hospitalization
  • increase risk of LTC facility placement
215
Q

types of loneliness

A
  • development loneliness
  • internal loneliness
  • situational loneliness
216
Q

developmental loneliness

A

lack of balance between individualisms and innate desire to relate to others

217
Q

internal loneliness

A

the perception of being alone. Associated with low self-esteem and worth

218
Q

situational loneliness

A

socio-economic and cultural milieu.
effected by the environment

219
Q

interventions for loneliness

A
  • activity involvement
  • volunteer roles
  • developing and keeping quality relationships
  • pharmacological management of physical ailments
  • staying contact with family and friends
220
Q

what is social isolation

A

a state in which the individual lack a sense of belonging socially, lacks engagement with others, has a minimal numbers of social contacts and they are deficient in fulfilling and quality relationships

221
Q

about social isolation

A

is a major and prevalent health problem among community-dwelling older adults, leading to detrimental health conditions
- prevalence of social isolation in community-dwelling older adults indicate that it as high as 43%

222
Q

health effects of social isolation include;

A
  • increased risk for all-cause mortality
  • dementia
  • increased risk for rehospitalization
  • increased risk of falls
  • these effect can be avoided through prevention efforts if detected early
223
Q

impacts of social isolation

A
  • health behaviour
  • psychological
  • physiological
  • other outcomes
224
Q

health behavioral

A
  • less likely uptake addition behaviour
  • no positive reinforcement for health check or say no to bad behaviours
225
Q

psychological

A
  • depression
  • suicide
  • cognitive decline
226
Q

physiological

A
  • preditor of mortality from heart disease and stroke
  • decreased infection resistance
227
Q

other outcomes

A
  • all cause mortality
  • risk of falls
  • rehospilatzation and insitiualization
228
Q

interventions for social isolation

A
  • there is no one size fits all approach
  • social prescribing programs(support groups, social activities..)
  • patient-centered approach is essential (social facilitation, exercise, psychological therapies, social services more holistic approach asking what they need and what they think
229
Q

principals for a comprehensive approach to aging and mental health

A
  1. older adults must have access to mental health treatment
  2. should receive the care and supports needed to live safely
  3. equity, diversity, and inclusion must be embedded in all mental health treatment, care and supports
  4. policy, programs and practices should support mentally healthy aging
  5. governments at all levels must prioritize and invest in seniors mental health
230
Q

what was WHO definition of health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absense of disease

231
Q

what are key dimension that should be included in that WHO defintions

A

of social well-being, presence and quality of social relationships, social networks, social participation, social isolation, sexuality, social support, social strain and social environment

232
Q

social ecological model contents

A

individual
interpersonal
institutional
community
policy

233
Q

individual- social ecological model

A

knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviours

234
Q

interpersonal- social ecological model

A

friends, family, social networks

235
Q

institutional-social ecological model

A

organizations, schools, workplaces

236
Q

community-social ecological model

A

cities, neighborhoods, resources, and norms

237
Q

policy-social ecological model

A

federal, state, and local legislation

238
Q

about social ecological model- individual and interpersonal factors

A

(mirco)
- immediate family, friends and community significantly shape the aging processes and health
- supportive social connections and positive interactions with family and friends are imperative
- need for belonging and reciprocity with others
- loneliness is influenced by social network size, social interaction frequency, and number of relationships
- family context experiences during early life

239
Q

about social ecological model- insitiuonal and commintiy

A
  • neighborhood and built environments, healthcare, organizations, and educational system factors exert influence on older adults health
  • the physical environment, housing, transport, healthy food, exercise, affect persons healthy
  • improved through collaborative leadership, cooperation across sectors, age-friendly, communities and top down approaches
240
Q

about social ecological model- policy, cultural, structural factors

A
  • cultural health beliefs, policies, environmental characteristics of a region have profound influence over the aging experience and health of older adults
  • political factors shape socioeconomic determinants of health and can reduce health disparities for older adults
  • the decisions people make about their health, their capacity to cope with the progression of a disease and the effects of medical intervention are all significantly influenced by societal cultural values and norms
241
Q

social ties in later life

A

older adults tend to have fewer social partners than younger ppl

242
Q

the socioemotional selectivity theory

A
  • explains progression of social network while aging
  • older adults have greater emotional response
  • they have less social relationships bc they want to spend time with people they love
  • see themselves as having less time to waste and are more risk-adverse
  • dont want painful social interactions
243
Q

disengagement theory

A
  • normal aging is a mutual withdrawal or disengagement between the aging person and other in the social system
  • mutual withdrawal between older adult and society takes place in anticipation of death
  • older ppl decrease activity levels and interact less frequently
  • at the same time, society frees older adults from employment and family responsibilities
244
Q

social issues of aging and psychological health

A
  • social connection is essential for human health
  • strong social improves physical health, outcomes (BMI, blood sugar) and mental health, decreases depression, PTSD
  • social isolation negative effect increasing depressive symptoms
  • conusleing on social connection can add year to life and enhance life
  • social engagement GOOD
  • positive link between social identity and health behaviour, suggesting more research is needed
245
Q

retirement and aging

A
  • shown to be both positivity and negatively related to mental health
  • variation in the outcomes of retirement highlight to complexity of this issue
  • involuntary retirement overall increases the possibility of loneliness, isolation, mental health
246
Q

naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs)

A
  • unplanned communities that have a high proportion of older residents, and may be critical to finding housing solutions for aging
247
Q

NORC buildings

A

apartments, condons, co-ops with 30% or more older adults

248
Q

multiple social roles

A

= self-efficacy and life satisfaction

249
Q

social worth

A

= improved overall health and survival

250
Q

strong social roles

A

= reduced rates of death, social isolation, and loneliness

251
Q

family and friends

A
  • more likely to retain independence, a sense of meaning and purpose in life & effective physical and psychological functioning longer
252
Q

marriage and social aging

A
  • older adults are faced with various challenges and changes in later life impacting social networks and relationships like changes in family dynamics, illness, deaths, income changes
253
Q

how do older adults respond to bereavement

A
  • ppl who experienced marital loss have lower positive self-perception of aging than those who remained married
254
Q

spouses specifically face unique caregiving demand whihc increase their risk of health issue, these include:

A
  • financial hardships, organizing LTC placement for their spouse, navigating familial tensions
  • changes in social and intimate spousal relationships can increase the risk of loneliness and depression
  • maintaining physical and emotional contact is imperative for LTC residents and their spouses relationship
255
Q

violence against older adults

A
  • elder abuse
  • often perpetrated by family members (older ppl victimized by family member)
  • includes physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse
256
Q

who is most abused

A

male victims from non-family violence

257
Q

healthy aging =?

A

maintaining social relationships

258
Q

social media and technology

A

ageist messages on social media associated with negative health outcomes including poorer mental health for older adults
- older ppl using it is growing

259
Q

barriers of social media

A
  • lack of instructions/knowledge
  • confidence
  • financial
  • health abilities
  • trust
260
Q

what are the barrier of social media motivated by:

A
  • social (and medical) support
  • enjoyment and fun
  • personal empowerment
  • advocacy
  • bridging generational gaps
261
Q

what are intergenerational programs for

A

support social health, but also combat ageism

262
Q

delirium distress

A

people need to be aware of the distressing outcomes experienced during and after delirium

263
Q

components of delirium distress

A
  • fear
  • anger
  • frustration
  • hopelessness
  • loss of control
  • embarrassment
  • guilt

Healthy aging (2 decks)

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