Midterm 2 Flashcards
Lect 9, 10, 13
Digeneana trematodes - common traits
spined tegument
anterior sucker
hermaphrodites/monoecious (usually)
FW fecal eggs –> miracidia –> DP to snail –> cercariae –> int host 2 –> metacercariae –> trophic def
Digenean flukes - life cycle diffs (embryonation? int host 2? def?)
P.westermani - UE, crustacean, human
C. sinensis - UE, fish, human
F. hepatica - UE, plant, humans + livestock/animals
schistosoma - E’d, no int 2, human
schistosoma details - dioecious
- metacerc shed immunogenic tegument + tail
- migrate to heart/lungs to fed on RBC –> mature/sex in liver
- urine/fecal eggs
Digenean flukes - symptoms + diagnosis method
Pw - diarrhea, fever, eosinophilia –> ELISA feces for eggs + detection of charcot leyden crystals
Cs - bile duct blockage –> inflammation + metaplasia + abdominal pain –> MRI for blockage
Fh - migrates to bile duct + liver –> abdom pain from enlarged liver + duct inflammation –> microscopy + ELISA for eggs
schistosoma - release of eggs = immunogenic –> formation of granuloma due to surrounding by macrophages
granuloma formation damages liver/spleen, intestinal (depending on species)
schistosomiasis diagnosed by microscopy + ELISA
Specific schistosoma + where are the eggs laid + basic symptoms
S. mansoni - intestinal eggs, diarrhea
S. haematobium - intestinal eggs, kidney dmg + bladder cancer
S. japanicum - urinary eggs, katayama fever
S. japonicum - How was it eradicated
- Farmers used oxen –> reservoirs –> convince to use horses instead
- Farming waterways = snail breeding grounds (recall snails = int hosts for trematodes) –> concrete dams to minimize/destroy snail breeding grounds
hymenoptera overview
parasitic wasps
impact pest populations –> used by farmers as biocontrols (eg T. planipennisi)
2 wing sets + thin pedicel waist
hymenoptera T. planipennisi
bicontrol for emerald ash borer
wasp lands on ash trees –> detects viubrations of ashr borer larvae underneath bark
ovipositor lays eggs –> larvae feed on ash borer larvae
therefore protects the ash trees
hymenoptera cortesia congregate - life cycle
adult lays eggs inside tobacco hornworm caterpillar –> larvae feed on haemolymph
larvae emerge –> form cocoons on surface
pupate inside cocoons –> adult wasps emerge and caterpillar corpse left
Cortesia congregate - how does it change hornworm behaviours
- disables molting signals –> prevents hornworm from pupating
- disabled feeding –> prevents consumption of cocoons
- aggression –> protect C.congregate larvae
- mutualistic virus disables hornworm immune system –> protect larvae
- venom to incapacitate hornworm –> allow injection of eggs
SO Nematocera overview
blood sucker flies
1 wing set + filamentous antennae
eg sand flies, mosquitoes, black flies
Nematocera - Sand flies
carry Leishmania
night feeders
control: day actvities only + fans (weak fliers, easily deterred)
Nematocera - Mosquitoes
carry plasmodium (malaria) + lots of other disesases
eolongated mouth parts –> penetrate deep into skin
control: breed on stagnant water surface –> surfactants + agitation + destroy (eg tip over buckets)
Nematocera - Black flies
transmit heartworms
day feeders
control: sprays/repellants. breed in all many water sources –> difficult to reasonably control
SO Bradycera overview
Bite + licking blood flies
reduced antennae
eg Tse Tse, stable flies, bot flies
Bradycera - Tse Tse fly
carries T.brucei
blue/black clothing attraction –> wear lighter colours
eggs laid in shaded vegetation soil –> clear land to destroy breeding grounds
blue/black insecticide nets
Bradycera - Stable flies
problematic to dairy farms –> swarms cause mass blood leaching to livestock
eggs laid in manure –> control = good cleaning
Bradycera - Bot flies
eggs laid on transport host flies –> land on mammal
body heat causes eggs to hatch –> larvae burrow into skin
larvae feed under skin –> fall onto ground –> molt –> mature
control by covering holes to suffocate –> tweezers to remove
Bradycera common controls
insecticides/larvicides
sterile male release (eg screw worms)
change behavior to avoid contact
Pthiraptera order
lice/louse –> ectoparasites + large claws
no wings, nymphs (incomplete metamorphasis)
dorsally flattened
body + pubic/crab + head lice
Phiraptera - the 3 lice
body lice
- can survive on clothing –> move to skin for feeding
- exccess body lice = pediculosis (yeast infection of bites causes skin thickening)
head lice
- requires constant body heat –> cannot survive on clothing
- limited to head hair only
pubic/crab lice
- enlarged claws
- sexual transmission
hemiptera order
ventrally flattened
bed bugs –> wingless
night feeders
incomplete metamorphasis (nymphs)
checking for bed bugs
do not toss luggage on bed
check:
- under sheets
- bed seams
- headboard
- furniture directly next to bed
phylum chelicerata overview
ticks/mites
- no body segmentation –> unlike arthropoda
- head + idiosoma (bulbous body)
- egg, larvae, nymph, adult –> hybrid metamorphasis
ticks overview and life cycle
lack wings –> climb onto vegetation and brush against hosts
adult –> blood meal –> lay soil eggs
eggs hatch –> larvae hibernate #1
larvae find host –> grow –> fall off –> hibernate –> repeat a few times until reaching adult
common tick symptoms
infestation = anemia
bites –> bacterial infections
biting base of skull may cause temporary paralysis
ripping tick off –> leave mouthparts in skin –> dermatosis skin inflammation
ixodidae ticks
hard ticks
transmit lyme disease (25-50%)
48hr feeding times
lyme disease –> bullseye rash + nerve pain + mild paralysis –> prevent with constant checks for tick removal
argasidae ticks
soft ticks
do not carry lyme disease
short feed times
Aquatic parasites
Crustacean
- penillidae (cod worms)
- ergasilids (gill lice)
- caligids (sea lice)
Branchurians (fish lice)
penillidae
aquatic parasite - cod worms
adult binds gills –> burrow into fish –> head extends into heart to feed on blood
not ecto or endo parasite -adults. Juvies are exclusively ectoparasitic
ergasilids
aquatic parasite - gill lice
antennae binds gills –> lay eggs on gills
juveniles hatch –> swim and mature in water
only females feed on fish
caligids
aquatic parasite - sea lice
use mouth to bite and latch to fish (anywhere on body)
eggs retained on female while bound to fish –> juveniles hatch
juvies swim to new host –> feed and mature
MARINE ONLY –> cannot tolerate FW –> infects salmon when they migrate
branchurians
aquatic parasite - fish lice
Bite to adhere to fish
survives marine and FW
adults lay eggs on rocks/substrata –> direct metamorphasis –> juvies hatch ready to bind host –> mature
