MidTerm 2 Flashcards
What is photosynthesis?
Making Sugar by way of sunlight water and carbon dioxide.
What is cellular respiration?
Using the sugar to make ATP.
Mitochondria
inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix
Where does each process of Respiration occur?
Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Krebs - matrix
ETC - innermebrane space
How many ATP in each phase of respiration? and total?
Glycosisis
2
4
Krebs
6
ETC
2
18
4
=36
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Roughly Explain Glycolysis
Taking Glucose (6C) into two (3C) Pyruvate
Roughly Explain Krebs
Krebs taking, acetyl CoA turinging it with citrate into a 6 carbon whilst making NADH and FADH2
Roughly Explain ETC
FADH2 and NADH created from krebs and Glycolysis brings electrons, and H+ into the ETC and the Eletrons get passed down the ETC losing energy and eventually pair with Oxygen to make water. and 1/2 Oxygen.
5 Transfering Sections
Chemiosmosis
when the H+ ions are brought inot the inner membrane space by way of FADH2 and NADH during their transition to the ETC. They passively move back into the matrix and break down the concentraiton gradientvia ATP Synthase.This spits out ATP and balances ion concentraiton
Which gives more energy NADH or FADH
NADH
Agriculture Def
+ Transition
the study or science of farming. including cultivatiing the soil for growing crops and rearing the animals for wool, food etc.
Trasntition was 10,000 years ago
Problems With Hunter gathering
- Nomadic
- have to follow the migration pattern
- more people in a group means less people get fed
Origin of Agriculture and what they used to look at
6 origins
used to look at middens (dumps to see whaat people ate and wasted)
why is it important ot know the orgin of a plant?
if our plants have changed immenesly from their original species , they may be less resistant or be in a dorught. KNoiwng the origin allows us to go back tot he orginal plant and grab genes in hopes to add them to the currne tplant to bring back some of their traits.
Agricultural Revoultion vs Cultural Evolution
Which is true?
Agricultural Evolution - that their wa a quick change in lifestyle becasue they thought figured out if you plant seeds you grow plants
Cultural Evolution - slow gradual additon of farming into the food collecting process of hunter gahtering , beguning to rely on plant cultivation overtime
Cultural Evolution- shows that their was a transition phase (hunter gatherer to farming)
Barley
Went from 2 row to 6 row
decreased the dormancy period of barley
domesticate and bred for dominant allele for non shattering heads.
How many grasses in Top 25 crops
4
1 Grass
Sugar cane
Sugar Cane
- high in cellulose
- can be used to make cellulosic ethanol which can be used for biofuel
Can you grow sigar cane in Cnaada?
No only tropical climate
Wheat: whole, white , enriched
whole wheat - the endosperm and the embryo - more nutirients
white - jsut the endosperm
enriched white - adding soem nutrients back into it (ex Iron)
Grass Species Name
Poaceae
Grass Classification
Mono cot
parallel viened
3 leaves
Fibrous Root
Types of grass
barley
wheat
corn
rice
oat
Inflorescences
Spike
Raceme
Pannicle
Umbel
Compound Umbel
Head
Catkin
rhizome and stolon
horizontal stems - stolon above ground
rhizome below ground
Grass Basic Anatomy
Rhizome and stolon
Blade
Shealth
Culm - like the stalk
Pannicle
Floret off the pannicle
Floret into lemma then Palea
Glumes- where the florets sporut
Aluurone Layer of grain
outside layer of enzymes that feed the endosperm
Bran
fused fruit wall
Corn male and female inflorescence
male corn the tassel-pannicel
female corn the cob-spike
Corn silks
the silks coming off the kernals are the style
Carpellate means
develops kernal from ovary
is corn carpellate?
Yes
Corn Jumping Genes
Scientists found that kernals of corn can trasnferable DNA between kernels.
Corn Hybrid Vigour
Cornis bread for hybrid vigour
meaning that the hybrids they breed have better traits, resitisancace to dorught depression, bigger, jucier etc.
Corn Inbreeding
Corn ususally inbreeds becuase they have the male and female pollinate eachiother on the same platn so they get rid of the male tassel so they cant fertilize and breed hybrids together in order to make the best corn double hybrid!
how much of our food contains corn
70%
corn used for
gase, alcohol , feed , food, export
why cant we use corn for bread
corn doesnt have gluten
corn doesnt have 2 essential amino acids
What does corn use a lot of (ISSUE WITH GORWING CORN)
Nitrogen
Wheat Evolution
Take wild wheat + wild wheat = Cell Errored Sterile Wheat
they reproduce asexually to get back to normal amount of chromsomees and produce fertil offspring with double the amount of chromosomes
REPEAT
What was the specieation of wheat
sympatric speciation
Sympatric Speciation vs Allopatric Speciatio
Sympatric Speciation - no geographical barrier between species but multiple different species in the same area creating a new species
ALlopatric speciatiin -
geogrpahical barrier spereating species but when they get brought back together we see completely new species (lack of gene flow)
Gluten
is the stuff that makes breasd rise
causes celiac diease when gluten fragments get into the intestinal lingng and inflammed
autoimmune reaction
Rice
grows in patties
feeds the most people in the world
Sub1 gene genetic engineering allowed for flooding restance to increase from 3 day to 14 days
cause they grow in areas with lots of flooding and water
Brown rice is while grain
White rice is jsut the endosperm
Azolla
the symbitoic fern that grown in rice patties for Nitrogen Fixation to let patties grow
Rye
alcohol- low gluten
Traidically
wheat rye hybrid (drought resistant)
Oats
fibre and animal feed
lawn grass Pros and Cons
Pros - better than cement cause it can photsynthesize
Cons
monoculture
water use efficiency alot
fertilizers and pesticides
BIoFuels
Corn and Sugar Cane and Switch grass
Corn is used for gas but lots of third world countries rely in it to feed people so itll feed less people if we use it to make gas
- we put more effort energy into corn than it gives us
Sugar Cane - cellusic ehtanol
Switch grass, plentiful and wild
Legumes species name
Fabaceae
Legume inflourescence + flowering
Raceme usually indeterminant flowering
Legume traits
dicots
net veined
taproot
bilateral symmetry
Indeterminant flowering
when upwards gorwing is not contianed by a terminal bud so new flowers begin to grow from the top continuously
Types of Legume
Alfalfa
Hairy Vetch
Canadian Milk Vetch
Black Locust
Dihescent
dihescent means the fruit opens naturally to expose the seeds
peanuts are not dihescnet most legumes are
Legume Anatomy
Banner = 2 wings and a keel
Fused stamens
Free stames
Stames = 9 +1
Calyx - where sepels form
Pistil - same as carpel
Roots of Legumes
have rhizobium nodules
Rhizobium nodules
fed by the plant carbs because in complete darkness
- purpose is to allow fixation of nitrogen for the plant
NItrogen Cycle
NitrogenN2 in the air goes to soil and fixated into Ammonia NH4 by plants and bacteria
Ammonia is changed into nitrite NH2 via bacteria decomposers and animal waste
Nitrite into Nitrite then back into Nitrogen
Legumes and Oil
34% of oil are legume 30% soybean 4% peanut
Peanuts grow in the gorund because
the fllower dies and falls to the ground and reproductive parts are on the ground
Seed Coat
red papery coveirng on the penaut
all legumes have one coveiring their seed just different shapes
Peanut Embryo
the tip of the peanut is the embryo and everything else is the endosperm
Kudzu
pest legume that grows fast and a lot over other plants
Pidgeon Pea
for hybrid vigour
Soybeans
plant soybeans after corn to replensihs nutrients llst form corn because soybeasn have all essential amino acids
Cinderella Plant
Soybean - used to be second rate but now is super popular (edamame)
Soybean protein by weight
40%
Why cant you eat soy bean whole
dont eat the pods becuase they contaiin a trypsin inhibitor which doesnt let us digest the protien, so when we cook them we unblock trypsin and can eat them
Starches Family
no family
Modified Stems
rhizome
stolon
tuber- white potatoe - tip of enlarged stem
bulb - inion
corm - ballsack undergorund with hairs roots off it
Modified Roots
tuberours Roots - Sweet potatoes (form tubers)
tap roots - carrot
White Potatoes
a tuber - starchy and have a toxic shoot - solanine toxin
dicot
netveined
5 leaves pinnate
why did the europeans not want to grow potatoes that much
they found out the dshoots were toxic to eat because of solanine toxin
Bananas
cathenocarpic- no seeds because no fertilizations therifroe called the virgin fruit - asexual reoprodcution
Yams
tropics- more like a white potatoe
a tuber
taro
gorws in patties
edible corms, leaves and petioles
History of the White Potato
Started in southe america , came to england and europe.
vegetatively greew so they were very easy to grow ( eyes ) jsut put them in the ground
Lots of poor people in ireland saw that they were easy to grow and therfore easy source of food.
blight came through and becuase they were all asexually grow their was a lack of genetic diversity, adn wiped out ,m opst crops
killed 25% of the popilati,
was their a cure for the blight
YES, monsato company found it but wouldnt let people grow it by themeselves so they had to keep buyign from them
Sweet Potatoe
a tuberous root
grows on vines on the ground
more sweet lots of beta carotene
Cassava
Hawaii tuberous root,
very large
cant eat raw becasue enzymes rupture cells releasigng HCN which causes cyanide poisoning.
they must filter it with water in order to have the HCN evaporate out
also can steam or cook it
HYDROCYNIC ACID
Date Palm Flowers
the first evidence of artifical pollination
artificaial breedin g- selecting which flowers breeed
Corn and Teosinte
differenrt size and number of cobs
different seed dispersal (need to husk a corn not a teosinte (shattering )
stem number - corn one stem
teosinte has multiple stems
3 sisters
squash corn bean
Mustard Plant
Sleectively bred into
cabbbage - terminal bud
broccoli - flowers
brussels sprout - ax buds
kholabi - stem
colliflower flowers
kale - leaves
Green Revoltion Definition
1960s
the largest increase in crop production because of research on high yeild crops and agricultual techniques
Inputs to the green revolution
water, fertilizeers, machinery , pesticiedes, (transport and machinery main)
Problems wiith the green revoultion
decrease aquafers
lack of diversity
increase environmentsal damage
high energy cost (machnery)
Solutions to Green Revoliton
organic fertilizers
drip irrigation
conservation tillage
genetic engineering
biological controls- pests preys
Conservation Tillage and its benenfits
only plant and spray
save nutrients
decrease need for ferttilizers
increase pesticides
reduces soil erosion
increase water use efficiency with drip irrigatio
Biotechnology
using cell culture and or molecular techniques to create plants with new and usefful characteristice to us
- enhance developmetnt of a promising trait to create a valuable crop
MIcropropogation
using tissue culture to create new shoot systems ina. small area
lots of seedinling s in a small area by putting plant tissue (explant) into media to grow plant
uses diploid and haploid
haploids can be manipulated into diploids to find true breeding genetics
Types of Molecular Plant breeding (geneetic engineering)
two types
transgenics and DNA modification
transgenics
a cell with the geneses from a completely different cell
ICHO
incorporate genes into vector ususally plasmid
Carry the gene into the cell
Hope that it incorporates into DNA (trasnforms)
Observe your genee expression of selected gene
DNA Modification
Crispr Cas 9
crispr has endonuclease Cas ( which chops up dna allowinfg for deletion or insertion of differetn dna
isolation needs to be done swith inbred or close family DNA
gRNA - guides CAs 9 to modifcation cite
Benefits of Crispr
resistance
growth and production
quality of food
Cotton
90 % of cotton has Bt cotton, which codes for a pesticide because cotton is highly susceptibale to infestatiom
Working on cotton that is cotton and plysester
Most Common GM Plants
Cootton soybeans corn canola tomatoes
Advantage of biotechnology
improves society ( drought, depression , insulin antibodies)
quick
Disvadvantages of Biotechnoligy
side effects
effects on humans if we eat it
effects on soil if planted effects on environment, effets on plant generations down the line
Meiosis Rundown
PMAT
Prophase 1 - nuclear envelope break, chromatin uncoils, chromatin coils into chromsomes, line up next two eachother @ centromeres
Metaphase 1 - chromsomes join at middle (synapsis )
Anaphase1 - chromosomes pull towarsd the poles (horizontally)
Telophase 1 - cytokinesis into two differnet cells, nuclear envelope rebuilds (2) haploid
Prophase 2 - nuclear envelope brekas down agian
Metaphase - line up in middle
Anaphase - 4 sister chromatids pulled towards the poles (vertically)
Telophase 2
- 4 different cells
Cytokinesis
the creation of the cell plate that seprates cells by vesicels from the golgi body bringing material
in plants
not in animals
animals have the cleavage furrow
Tulipomania
everyone wanted tulips
spotted tulips were diseased
tulips in holland
tulips at ottowa becuase protected hollands royal family
lost its no
Angiosperm Reproduction Rundown
Zygote (MEIOSIS) micro spore and mega spore - male and female gametophtye - sperm and egg (FERTILIZATION) - zygote
Mitosis
Cell Replication Parent cells - to daughter cells.
Complete Flower
has Stamen carpel sepals and petals
Perfect flower
has bothmale and female reproductive parts on it
Where does meiosis occur in female and male
anther in male
ovary in female
Monoeceious
one home, male and female reproductive structures on smae plant but not on smae flower
ex CORN
Diecious
two homes, male plant and female plant, one reproductive sturcture on each
ex KIWI
Tepals
when sepals and petals look the same
Alstomeria
the plant from class
mono cot
6 tepals
infereior ovary
parallel veined
perfect flower
umbel inflorescence
bilateral symmetry
MALE REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS MAIN
- mother microspore in anther enters meiosis
- 4 microspore offspring are made adn lcuster into a tetrad sticking together
- each microspore in the tetrad breask off ionto a pollen grain
4 pollne grain has 2 vegetative cells and 2 sperm cells
—-Vegetative cells lead the way making the pollentiube down the style into the ovary— - One sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell to make the zygote the opther sperm cell fertilizes two of the polar nuclei to make a triploid 3n - this then turns into the endosperm
STEP 4 AKA Double Fertilization
MIcropyle
the entrance of the pollen tube into the ovary
FEMALE REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERM MAIN
- Megaspore mother cell in ovary goes through meiosis
- Creates 4 mega spore cells. 3 degernerater and one cell moves one
- Cell that moves on goes thorugh mtitosis 3 times creating 1 egg cell 2 polarized nuclei, 2 synergids and 3 antipodal cells)
4.these 8 cells are all encased int heo embryo sac in the ovule
Photosythesis
c02 + light + water = sugar
C02 works with what wher
c02 calvin cycle in stroma to create suger
wate works with what where
water works with light reactions in thykloid membrane for making H20 and ATP
chlorplast reaction centres
thykaloid and stroma
Why are leaves green?
Most leaves use chlorophyl a and b which only reflect yellow and green light and absorb everything else
Why do leaves change colour
chlorphyl a and b dont wokr well in cold fall temperatures but beta carotene does which reflects red orange yellow colours
what are the pigments
chlorophyl a and b
leaf anantomy
epidermis - protect
cuticle - waxy to oprevent water escaping
mesophyl cells - wheer chlorplasts are
chloroplasts - where photsythesis occurs
stomata - lets water and gas exchange occur
Granum
the bundle of thykaloids
Stroma
the space within the chllorplast that is not the thykaloids
thykaloid is where what occurs
photosythesis
2 main components onf the Chloroplast
stroma and thykaloid
Light Reactions in Photosystem
occurs in the thykaloid membrane
photons it the pigment molecules that are in the thykaloid, they tranasfer to each molecule transfering electrons to reach the RCC reaction centre complex. From the rcc they hit the 2 chlorphyl a molecules and electrons are then passed to the primary accpetor.
Primary accpetor passes them to the ETc where they get passed to Pc and create ATP
Cyclic Photophosporylation
when the electrons create the ATP they get cycled back into the rcc then the primary accpetor where they wrok again
Two photosystems + Non cyclic photophosporylation
We see the electron form when ATP was made transfer to the pigent molecules of photosystem 1 (second photsystem) and go to rcc then to priomary acceptor but now they come down to make NADPH
Regular Photphosphorylation
is chemiosmosis for plants
H+ ions going down the ETC entering the inner thykaloid mebrane space. High conectraiton now. ATP sythase pumps them down the gradient breaks. down the gradient adn produces ATP.
where adn what is the cytochrome complex
in the photsystem 2 , the last spot the electorn gets passed to.
C3 plant
uses Rub p + co2 with enzyme rubisco to make 6 carbon molecule , most plants are c3
C4 plants
seperate c02 fixation adn calvins cycle in order ot decrease chance of photorespiration
photorepsiration
when clavin uses 02 instead of C02
CAM
seperates c02 adn calvin cycle by time of day
- c02 enters into leaf at night stomata open
phosphorylation
adding a phosphate to something
6 origins
Eastern North America
MesoAmerica
Sotuh american highlands
yangzte and yellow rriver basin
Fertile Crescent
New Guniea Highlands
EMSFNY
