Botany Final Flashcards
How do we make spirits
1distillation - boiling beer or wine to concentrate alcohol until we leave behind water
what is proof
2x the alc %
spirits colected
spirits collected at neck of kettle then cooled and recondensed into higher percentage alcohol
determine spirit flavour
method and time of storage
fermentation ingerdients
yeast sugar and other
process of fermentation
glucose to ethanol + CO2
Wine Species name
Vitis Vinifera
Root Aphid and how ot combat it
root aphid are insects that infest roots of grape plants
can take the shoot from an infested plant and graph it to the root of a good plant, doesnt have to mature
Red vs White Wine
red grapes make red wine and white wine
White grapes make white wine
based onthe colour of the grape skin
making wine we need to
ferment, then press the grapes
why is wine <14% alc
because at 14% the yeast dies off
but we can mix it with different spirits to make it stronger
Beer ingredients
starch usually barley
hops for flavour
beechwood (optional)
Beer process
germinate to make the enzymes then
ferment, which needs the grains
get boiled to make wort(add hops at this point)
produce alc
Transcription
DNA to RNA using mRNA in the nucleus and read 5’-3’
Translation
taking the RNA and reading it to create protiens at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, read 5-3’
Start and Stop Codons
aug start
uua stop
why do we monoculture
high yield and profit
problems with monoculture
lose genetic diverstiy
unstablle
unnatural
why do we use perennial crops
most sustainable
less plowing
les soil erosion
less pest manangement
less disease control
What are seed Banks?
frozen seeds to use in the future to hopefully bring a species back to nativity (back ups)
on vegetative material
Heirloom Species
take much more effort to grow
closer in relation to native species
more diverse
Germplasm means what
genetic makeup of plant
Germplasm Treaty says
- encourage use of seed banks
- catalouging of genetic resources and assessing threats
- protect third world countries by setting conditon sfor accesssing germplasm
-share the weath if theri is a succesfiul plant with those who created it
Who did the corss pollination
pea plant study doen by gregor mendel
mendel found what
found that all F1 offspring had one trait
and that all F2 offspring had a 3:1 mix of characheteristics
Mendels Concepts
principle of segregation
principle of independant assortment
Principle of Segregation
pairs of hereditary factors seperate indivdually (1 allele for each gene)
Principle of Independant Assortment
Pairs of each hereditatry gene sepertate independantly of other pairs (GG and gg go seperate ways)
Co-Dominance
when both alleles are expressed in the plant
Incomplete Dominance
when the dominant allele does not fully mask the recessive allele xpression
Polygenic Inheritance
when more than one gene controls for the allele
Epistasis
when one gene has an affect on another gene
Linked genes
closer the genes are chromosome the more likley they are to recomnie together in a crossover
2 genes with 3:1 rathher than 1 with 9:3:3:1
With CrossOver
2 recombinatn chromies
4 sex cells
without crosssover
0 recombinant chromies
2sex cells
Dihybrid Cross proved
independatn assortment
Psycho Active plants are
secondary metabolites that affect the CNS
what are the secondary metabolites of psychoactive plants
alkaloids - nicotine, cocaine, morphine
phenolic - thc
Effects of Psycho ctive plants on CNS
stimulants - cocaine, caffeine, nicotine
depressants - morphine/opium/heroin
hallucinogens - thc
narcotic two definitions
strict def - any substance that induces CNS depression
contemporary def - any psychosactive substance that is addictive
addictive means
promotes physiological and physcological dependance + tolerance
addictive substances effect what in the brain
the reward circuit
Coca Plant
makes cocaine
on the leavess of the shrub
historically chewed as an anesthetic
Coca turned into
Cocaiune hydorchloride then crack or powder
Cocaine and Reward circuit
Naturally the dopamine is from VTA to its receptor at the NA to get the response
With cocoiane, cocaine blocks the removale of dopamine at the NA for a continuos response
Opium what
latex from a showy poppy plant
opium latex used
dried and used to make morphine and heroin to deaden pain
opium with china and soldiers
soldiers used this in the war
chinese tried to trade it and found that 25% of the population was addicted to morphine
Heroin
6 x stornger than morphine
used to be sold over the counter and given to kids
huge withdrawal
Cannabis is a what kind of plant
diecious (male and female plant)
palmatley compound (3-7) leaflets
THC comes from
tetra hydra cannibinol
comes from harvesting the leaves og the Cannabis plant
THC is a what kind of secondary metabolite
Phenol
what cananibis grows higher concentrated THC
female
THC effects
euphoria and calmness
reduce ocular pressure
reduces MS pain
kills cancer cells
NIcotine is a what secondary metabolite
alkaloid
Where is nicotine made
nicotine made in the roots and travels to the leaves
Nicotine plant
large leaves and pretty flowers
nicotine typically ingested how
chewed or smoked
Tobacco plant grown
as a tetraploid in south america but easily susceptible to disease and pathogens
curing the nicotine/tobacco plant
Cure it,
ferment it, dry it and these will make it change colour
then age it to birng out aroma and flavour
msot addictive drug and how
nicotine increases the amount of receptors for it as you increasingly get more addicted
risk of tobacco
- increase chance of cancer
brochtis
emphasyema
cardiovascular disease
second hannd smolke
tea is
an infusion
90% of teas are
black (true teas)
infusiion definition
the liquid produced by steeping a plants organs in boiling water
Younger or older leaves for tea
tea we pick the younger leaves so the older leaves can continue to grow the plant
Tea Species Name
camellia sinesis
what type of plant is tea
dicot
net veined
a shrub
7-8 petals
how many seeds in tea
4 seeds
where can tea grow
not in the frost
4 types of teas
black
white
oolong
green tea
black tea
msot processed lots of fermentation
green tea
no fermentation lightest in colour
white tea
no fermentation
called white tea from the white tricones on the leaf
oolong tea
semifermentation
4 steps for making tea
wither - dry the leaves from below
roll - twist and roll to release oils
oxidize - let sit in cool humid enviroment to absorb oxygen
dry - stops the oxidization bringing them form copper colour to black
no oxidizing in what teas
green and white
but green does have some withering
white tease only steam then dry
things that make teas differ
where its grown - altitude has an effect
if they are mixed - irish blend
how theyre prepared - over pine
added spices or bergament oil (early grey)
tea % caffeine by dry weihgt
4%
Chocolate species name
Theobroma Cacao
herbal teas have no
caffeine
how many varietsys of cacoa tree
3 varieties
chocolate pods/plant
dicots
takes lots of energy to produce these
football shaped
20-49 seeds/pods
sticky white pulp on the pods/seeds
colour of chocolate
start green then mature/ ripen yellow
chocoloate is pollinated by
midges but low pollination rate because there are not a lot of midges
pollinators needd to be big to open the fruit wall and to disperse
chocolate contains
theobromine and stimulatn adn caffeine
prepare chocolate by
let the beans ferment
then you can remove the white pulp to get the bean once it dries
chocolate liquer
removed fat in chocolate
chocolate nibs
driedand fermneted cocao beans crushed to make liquer
white choclate is white because
we took out the cocoa butter
coaoca powder
dried chocolate liquer
what is coffee as a secondary metabolite
an alkaloid
secondary metabolites are
4 groups
things we dont need to grow and repdouce
uisuallt toxins, nectars(attractors or deterants a)
Pros of Caffeine
protects against parkinsons and Tyoe 2 diabetes
alleviate fatigue
imporve athletic erfomance
enhances pain relief effects of aspirun and acetometophine
appetite suppressant
Cons of Caffeine
increases nervousness, irritability and HR
causes insomnia
addictive
decrease fetal groht in pregnancy and increase birth defects
Coffee is a
seed
angiosperm
dicot
flowers in inflourescence
coffee species name
coffee arabica (best coffee)
furit of coffee
a red cherry ‘2 seeds per cherry
very pulpy
intesive labour to pick them
hostoyr of coffee
started in ethipoia then to yemen then to Ceylon then to Jaba then Europe then NA athen SA
coffee
not frost tolerant but can be grown in the colder months indoors
Ceylon
ceyon got hit witha fungi that infested their cofee business and made them go into tea
where is most cofee produced
BRAZIL
cofee takes a long time to
mature, can get beas for 35 years
Hulling
taking off the parchement of the seed (seed Coat
methods of processsing coffee
dry vs wet
dry methoid of coffee
let cherries dry then depulp
wet method of coffee
cost more and more mechanized
depulp then add water in machine to mix, then dry then hull to get hte last of the parchement off
no parchemtn on cofeee bean is called
a green bean
decaffinate cofee by
make the cofee the decaffinate
browness of beans
carmelization of the sugars on the bean
first stage of cofee process
drying
ways to make cofee
steep, vacuum, overdrip , pressur vaccum
fair trade logo means
no children were used and the people who made it got fair wages
ethically grown
why are fair traade coffess more expensive
because the producedrs got padi a fair wage
egyptian writings
had formulas and materilas written on walls
siliphium
ancient egyptian plant used as a contraception butit was overharvested and this casued its extinction in 300-400 ad
Hippocrates
greeek father of medicine
diseases had natural causes and that plants could treat it
ancient rome
documetned 600 medicianl plants
1500’s
wehn the prinitng press was invented so they made a plant book with identifiying characteristics and information
1700’s
herbal medicines vs regular physicians
regular physicians gave out he meds
herbal mediicine still practed in china
1800s
purified extracts (opium to morphine )
and found active extracts to make synthetic drugs (aspirin froms salysyclic in white willow)
% of drugs with plant origin
25%
active ingerdients that can be medicinal or toxic
secondary metabolites
glycosides - sugars cardioactive glycosides
alkaloids - nitrogen (NS stimulant - quinine)
terpenes - hydrocarbon - taxol - cancer
herbal remedies
black cohosh and ginseng
black cohosh - combats menopause
ginseng - stimulatn immune system (liited gorwht in ontario)
both have their roots harvested
glycasides can be infused in the tea
Fox Glove Plant - Medicianal
showy flowers
indeterminant flowering in their second year
gorw in canada
CArdioactive Glycasides in the leaves
-slow heart rate and increase cjontraction force
Black Willow
suck on the bark
fever reducing ,antiimflammatory, pain med
salicin is the active ingredient used to make sytheitic aspirin (for blood clots)
Cinchona and Artemisinin
contracted through parasites from mosquitos
bark of cinchona provides quinine which kills parasites and reduces fever - quinine is a alkaloid
artemisinin is a terpene - same antimalarial properties as chincona
aloe vera
grow in hot climates
sap conitains aloin (glycoside)
soothing burns and heals cuts
periwinkle and Pacific yew tree
Periwinkle - has 2 alkaloids that interfere with spindle fibre formation
Yew tree - produces taxol a terpene that also screws with spindle fibre formation
both used in chemotherapy because no mitosis in prophase 1
food guide is more
more indiviualized
new labels include
larger calories
amounts in mg
serving size stands out
updated minerals
daily % for things like sugar
carbohydrates
glucose 6 carbon molecule
fructose and maltose - disaccharide
poly saccharides include glycgoen starch and cellulose
Glycemic index
the effect a food has on blood glucose levels
proteins
1234 structre
primary structure is the 20 AA
secindary structure is the bonds between amine and carboxyl groups
tertiary structure is r group hydrophilic or hydrophobic
quaternary structre is hemoglobin
essential AA
need to get from the diet
phoshpholipids
1 glycerol adn 2 fastty acids
triglycerides
one glycerol adn three fatty acid chains
saturated fat
no double bonds
unsaturated fat
diuble bonds
mono or poly
cholesterol and phyto sterols
made in liver and photos are sterols in plants
minerals
major - more than 100 mg a day
trace - few mg/day
major ca mg k
trace -iron, zince copper
vitamins -
abcdek
adek - fat soluble
watersoluble need ore of cause we piss it out
lipid function
insulation
energy storage
hormone rgulation
structure
HDL and LDL
HDL takes cholesterol awayy from blood to use in the liver
LDL - builds up chilestreool in the blood (atherosclerosis)
trans fat
through hydrogeneatioon (turning unsaturated into trans
uses TRIS fat to flat out kinks with a double bond)
surface fibres
leaves, roots and seed ccoveringds
ginning- tearing fibres loose
bast fibres
soft fibres
phloem fibres and inside inner dark bark
retting microbial processs to break down tissue and leave the fibre
leaf fibres
hard fibres
in vascular bundles and veins of monocots
decrtication
- scraping away the unwanted tissue
cotton capsule
boll
why is cotton strong
because of the naturally twisted fibres
most economically important non food plant
cotton
cotton climate
warm and rainy
white part of cotton
cellulose
processing cotton
ginning to create line
send to manufacturer of yarn
cleaned combed laid parallel and teiwstied together to make yarn
yarn to cloth
herbs
tmeperate climates - aromatic leaves
spices
tropical climate - aromatic fruits and flowers
spices commodity
spices gave power
spice history
egyptians then to alexandrians than portugal monopolized thendecentralized
ginger
rhizome
nutmeg
gives us to 2 spices
aerol (red part)
saphron
most expensive spice
three new world spices
- capsicum - caspsacinoids
- all spice flavour mix
-vanilla
herb families
mint - basil, sage, lavender
parsely - dill and anisse
mustard - horseradish and mustsard
allium - onions and shit
earth surface
30% forest and decreasing
bark
secondary phloem
age rings
secondary xylem - tight rings means less groth that year
dark part of wood
heart wood - contains resin in cells , no water transport systemresin makes it hard
light part of wood
sapwood - conatinas no resin , and has its water trasnport system still
hardwood vs softwood
hardwood - deciduos - oak maple
softwood - confifer - pine tree
most common cut of wood
tangential cut
uses of wood
cork
lumber
housing
fuel
plywood
veneer
burl
infected by insect or mold
grains grow deformed
gives us live edge trees
