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Nutrition 325 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

typical weight of full term infant

A

2500-3800 g

5.5-8.5 lb

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2
Q

typical height of full term infant

A

47-54 cm

18.5 to 21.5 in

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3
Q

full term infant born…

A

37-42 weeks

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4
Q

___% are born full-term

A

88%

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5
Q

infant mortality

A

death that occurs in first year

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6
Q

major causes of infant mortality

A

low birth weight (<25000g)
congenital malformations
SIDS

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7
Q

newborns have ___ reflexes

A

strong

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8
Q

motor development is top down

A

controls head first, lower legs last

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9
Q

muscle development from ___ to ___

A

central to peripheral

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10
Q

factors that impact cognition

A 
sensorimotor development
interactions with environment 
adequate energy and protein 
stimulation of social and emotional growth 
genetics
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11
Q

critical periods

A

fixed periods of time which certain behaviors or developments emerge, necessary for sequential behaviors or developments

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12
Q

newborns ___ birth weight by ___ months and ___ by 1 year

A

double by 4-6 months

triple by 1 year

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13
Q

___and ___ are important components of health assessment of infants

A

weight and length (recumbent length measurement boards)

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14
Q

CDC 2000 infant growth charts show

A

weight for age
length for age
weight for length
head circumference for age

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15
Q

____ kcal/kg/day from birth to 6 months

A

108 (range from 80 to 120)

newborn 4 kg (8.8lb) = 432kcal/day

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16
Q

____ kcal/kg/day from 7-12 months

A

98

7 month old 8kg (17.6 lb) = 784 kcal/day

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17
Q

___ g/kg/day of protein from birth to 6 moths

A

2.2 g

newborn 4 kg (8.8 lb) = 8.8 g

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18
Q

____ g/kg/day of protein from 6-12 months

A

1.6 g

6 month 8 kg (17.6 lb) = 12.8 g

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19
Q

____ g/day of fat from birth to 6 months

A

31 g

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20
Q

____ g/day of fat from 7- 12 months

A

30 g

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21
Q

breast milk contains about ____% calories from fat

A

55%

breast milk contains short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids (easier to digest)

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22
Q

infants need cholesterol for ___

A

gonadal and brain development

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23
Q

AAP and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommend exclusive breast feeding for ___

A

1st 6 months and continuation to 1 year

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24
Q

standard formula provides ___ cal/fl oz

A

20

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25
Q

formula intake for birth to 1 month

A

16-20 fl oz / day
8-12 feedings/day
1-2.5 fl oz per feeding

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26
Q

formula intake for 1-2 months

A

18-26 fl oz/day
8-10 feedings/day
2-4 fl oz / feeding

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27
Q

formula intake for 2-3 months

A

22-30 fl oz /day
6-8 feedings /day
3-5 fl oz / feeding

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28
Q

formula intake for 3-4 months

A

24-32 fl oz /day
4-6 feeding / day
4-8 fl oz / feeding

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29
Q

cow’s milk during infancy

A

should not be used
linked to iron deficiency anemia (low iron availability in cows milk, high calcium and casein inhibit absorption of iron)

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30
Q

breast milk calories from protein, carbs, and fat

A

7% from protein
38% from carbs
55% from fat

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31
Q

cow milk calories from protein, carbs, and fat

A

9-12% from protein
41-43% from carbs
48-50% from fat

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32
Q

soybean - based formula

A

use should be limited
has compounds with estrogen properties
11-13% from protein

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33
Q

formula intake for birth to 1 month

A

16-20 fl oz / day
8-12 feedings/day
1-2.5 fl oz per feeding

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34
Q

formula intake for 1-2 months

A

18-26 fl oz/day
8-10 feedings/day
2-4 fl oz / feeding

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35
Q

formula intake for 2-3 months

A

22-30 fl oz /day
6-8 feedings /day
3-5 fl oz / feeding

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36
Q

formula intake for 3-4 months

A

24-32 fl oz /day
4-6 feeding / day
4-8 fl oz / feeding

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37
Q

cow’s milk during infancy

A

should not be used
linked to iron deficiency anemia (low iron availability in cows milk, high calcium and casein inhibit absorption of iron)

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38
Q

breast milk calories from protein, carbs, and fat

A

7% from protein
38% from carbs
55% from fat

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39
Q

cow milk calories from protein, carbs, and fat

A

9-12% from protein
41-43% from carbs
48-50% from fat

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40
Q

soybean - based formula

A

use should be limited
has compounds with estrogen properties
11-13% from protein

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41
Q

at 4-6 weeks reflexes for food intake regulation….

A

start to fade

infant begins to purposely signal wants and needs

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42
Q

at 4-6 months…

A

infants move tongue from side to side indicating readiness for solid foods

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43
Q

at ___ months offer small portions of semisoft foods ___ each day

A

~6 months, twice a day

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44
Q

can swallow pureed soupy food at ___ months

A

4-6 months
iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk
pureed fruits and vegetables at 6 months

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45
Q

can swallow very soft, lumps food at __ months

A

6-8 months

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46
Q

can eat soft mashed foods

A

8-10 months

soft table foods 9-12 months

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47
Q

Ellyn Satter’s Division of Responsibility in Feeding

A

parents/caretakers provide structure, support, and opportunities (what)
children choose how much and whether to eat from what the parents provide (how much)

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48
Q

fluoride supplements for infants

A

for breastfed infants after 6 months or if in any area with no fluoridated water

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49
Q

iron supplements for infants

A

after 4-6 months if breastfed

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50
Q

vitamin B12 supplement for infants

A

for vegans

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51
Q

Vitamin D supplements for infants

A

needed if exclusively breastfed

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52
Q

FTT

A

failure to thrive
inadequate length or weight gain (suspected calorie deficit)
reason social service agencies become involved with families

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53
Q

organic FTT

A

diagnosed medical illness in infant

gastroesophageal reflux (GER) or infection

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54
Q

nonorganic FTT

A

not based on medical diagnosis

maternal depression, inappropriate infant care, over dilution of formula, etc

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55
Q

colic

A

sudden onset of irritability and crying for extended periods with no reason
appears during first 2 weeks - 3rd or 4th month
associated with GI upset, GER, feeding, etc.
no accepted medical treatment

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56
Q

Iron deficiency anemia in infants

A

uncommon because prenatal iron stores of mother
more common in low income
supplements and iron fortified cereal at 4-6 months

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57
Q

iron DRI for infants

A

.27 mg/day up to 6 months

11 mg/day 7-12 months

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58
Q

infants usually have ___ stools/day

A

2-6

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59
Q

most states screen for….

A

3-6 different conditions that may cause disability or death

ex: phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia

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60
Q

Children with special health care needs

A

Federal category of services for infants, children or adolescents with, or at risk for, a physical or developmental disability, or with a chronic medical condition caused by or associated with genetic/metabolic disorders, birth defects, prematurity, trauma, infection, or perinatal exposure to drugs
family can benefit from nutritional and medical interventions without specific diagnosis

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61
Q

developmental delay

A

conditions represented by at least 25% delay by standard evaluation methods
may be replaced with more specific type of medical diagnosis when child is older

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62
Q

LBW (low birth weight)

A

<5 lb 8 oz

8% of live births in US ?

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63
Q

very low birth weight (VLBW)

A

<1500 g (3 lb 5 oz)

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64
Q

extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

A

<1000 g (2lb 3 oz)

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65
Q

neonatal death

A

from birth to 28 days after birth

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66
Q

perinatal death

A

after 20 weeks gestation to 28 days after birth

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67
Q

infant morality

A

within first year of life

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68
Q

advances in health care have reduced infant mortality by ___% between ____

A

45% between 1980 and 2008

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69
Q

infants weighing 500-600 g (~23 wks gestation) have ____ chance of survival

A

~30% chance

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70
Q

infants weighing 900 - 1000 g (~29 wks gestation) have ___% chance of survival

A

~88% chance

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71
Q

result or reduced infant mortality…

A

more infants with specialized nutritional needs

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72
Q

NICHD’s “neonatal research network” tracks infants…

A

with BW between 501 and 1501 g

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73
Q

infant health and development growth charts

A 
for VLBW (<1500g) premature 
has head circumference, weight, and length adjusted for gestational age
74
Q

increased calories required for premature infants

A

120 kcal/kg/day

may be higher with illness

75
Q

decreased calories recommended for…

A

spina bifida or down syndrome

76
Q

protein for infants at risk

A

1.5 g/kg if growth and digestion no affected
3-3.5 g/kg for premature or recovery from illness
4 g/kg for ELBW
hydrolyzed protein

77
Q

provide up to ___% calories from fat (for infants at risk?)

A

55%

78
Q

about ____ VLBW born in US each year

A

60,000

79
Q

survival rate of VLBW

A

90%

80
Q

parenteral feeding

A

nutrients directly to blood stream

81
Q

enteral feeding

A

directly to GI tract

82
Q

oral-gastric

A

mouth to stomach

83
Q

transpyloric

A

nose/mouth to small intestine

84
Q

gastrostomy

A

surgical opening to stomach

85
Q

jejunostomy

A

surgical opening into small intestine

86
Q

congenital anomaly

A

condition diagnosed at or near birth usually as a genetic and chronic condition

87
Q

examples of congenital disorders

A

diaphragmatic hernia (1 in 4,000)
tracheoesophageal atresia/disconnection (1 in 4500)
cleft lip and palate
genetic disorders (maple syrup urine disease)

88
Q

maple syrup urine disease

A

1 in 180,000
deficiency of metabolic enzyme, leading to buildup of branch chain aa’s (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) in blood and urine
coma and death
diet restricted of branch chain aa

89
Q

toddlers

A

1-3

rapid increase in gross and fine motor skills

90
Q

preschool age

A

3-5
11.8 million in US
increased autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills, expanding self control

91
Q

toddlers gain ___ per year

A

2.7 kg (6.1 lb) and 12 cm (4.7 in) per year

92
Q

preschoolers gain ___ per year

A

4.4 lb and 2.8 inches

93
Q

weigh and measure toddlers under age 2…

A

without clothes or diaper
recumbent length
(over 2 with light clothes and stand with no shoes)

94
Q

2000 CDC growth charts

A 
gender specific 
age specific (birth to 36months and 2-20 years)
weight for age
length for age 
head circumference per age 
BMI for age
95
Q

WHO growth charts

A

birth to 5 years

international growth standards regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status

96
Q

toddler progress by month

A 
15- crawl up stairs 
18- run stiffly 
24 - walk up stairs on foot at time
30 - alternate feet going up stairs
36- ride tricycle
97
Q

leading cause of death in toddlers

A

unintentional injury

no sense of danger

98
Q

cognitive development of toddlers

A

orbit around parents
10-15 works at 18 months, 100 at 2 years
3 word sentences by 3 years

99
Q

completely weaned at…

A

12 to 14 months

100
Q

gross and fine motor development

A

12 months refined pincer

18-24 months - able to use tongue to clean lips and have developed rotary chewing

101
Q

feeding behaviors in toddlers

A

hallmark is rituals in feeding
food jags common (strong preferences and dislikes)
imitate parents and siblings
include child in meal prep

102
Q

toddler sized portions

A

1 tablespoon per year of age (give less and ask for more)

103
Q

central issue of preschool age

A

control

separate from parents vs. limits

104
Q

vocab expands to___ during preschool age

A

> 2000 words (complete sentences)

105
Q

temperament

A

behavioral style of a child

106
Q

3 main temperaments

A

40% easy - adapts to regular schedules and accepts new foods
10% difficult - slow to adapt, negative to new foods
15% slow to warm up - negative to new but can learn
intermediate low and intermediate high

107
Q

estimated energy requirement for 1-3 year olds

A

89 x weight(kg) -100+20

108
Q

RDA protein 1-3

A

1.1 g/kg/day or 13 g/day

109
Q

RDA protein 4-8

A

.95 g/kg/day or 19 g/day

110
Q

RDA iron, zinc, calcium 1-3

A

iron: 7 mg/d
zinc: 3 mg/d
calcium: 700 mg/d

111
Q

RDA iron, zinc, calcium 4-8

A

iron: 10 mg/d
zinc: 5 mg/d
calcium: 1000 mg/d

112
Q

___ three year olds are given vit and mineral supplements

A

1 in 2

113
Q

___% of children (4-8) consume fast food

A

25%

114
Q

___ mins of physical activity each day

A

60 (for preschool? )

115
Q

percentages of children with disabilities

A

5%-31% of children

90% of children wit disabilities have a nutritional problem

116
Q

FTT may result from…

A 
digestive problems
asthma/breathing problems
neurological conditions 
pediatric AIDS
abuse/medical neglect
117
Q

recovery from FTT…

A

catch up growth

118
Q

cystic fibrosis

A 
hereditary disorder affecting cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes 
think and sticky mucus 
plug up ducts (in pancreas) 
1 in 1500-2000
mutation in CFTR on chromosome 7
119
Q

CFTR

A

regulates normal movement of sodium and chloride in and out of cells
1500 mutations identified

120
Q

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A 
vary depending on severity 
wheezing, coughing 
respiratory infections
bulky/greasy stools
blockage of bowels
cirrhosis of liver
delayed growth
121
Q

cystic fibrosis nutrition

A

high calorie, enteric-coated oral pancreatic enzymes

122
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

damage of underdeveloped lungs

123
Q

asthma

A

lungs unable to exchange air due to lack of expansion of air sacs
5.8% of children <5 yo
may be result of food allergy

124
Q

___% of ELBW infants develop chronic lung problems

A

~80%

125
Q

breathing problems increase nutrient needs due to…

A

extra energy expended in breathing and lower interest in eating

126
Q

autism spectrum disorders

A 
brain development disorder
impaired social skills
restricted and repetitive behavior
onset < 3 yo 
~1/166
127
Q

pathophysiology of autism

A

excess of neurons
disturbed neuronal migration
unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory networks
abnormal formation of synapses

128
Q

autism diet

A

no scientifically proven diet for prevention of treatment

gluten free and casein free have been recommended via groups

129
Q

Rett Syndrome

A

sporadic mutation in MECP gene on X chromosome(transcriptional-creating equivalent RNA copy from DNA - repressor)
development normal until 12 -18 months
1 in 10,000
loss of hand use, growth retardation, gait difficulties, seizures, loss of speech, feeding problems

130
Q

cerebral palsy

A

group of disorders, impaired muscle activity and coordination present at birth or early childhood
2-2.5/1000 (40-50% of LBW-ELBW)

131
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A 
partial deletion of chromosome 15
1 in 25,000
poor muscle tone and motor skills 
short stature 
hypogonadism 
learning disabilities 
behavioral problems 
characteristic facial features 
FTT in 1st year 
overweight 
**low energy needs
132
Q

celiac disease

A

sensitivity to gluten in wheat, rye, barley

results in diarrhea

133
Q

toddler diarrhea typically caused by…

A

excess sucrose from fruit juices

limit to 4-6 fl oz per day for 1-6 yo

134
Q

food allergies seen in _____% of children

A

2-8%

milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, walnuts, soy, fish

135
Q

middle childhood

A

5 to 10 years

school age

136
Q

preadolescence

A

9 to 11 for girls
10 to 12 for boys
(school aged)

137
Q

2000 CDC growth charts based on data from…

A

National Health and Examination Survey
national health and nutritional examination surveys I, II, and III
(III data for children >6 not included bc overweight)

138
Q

body fat minimum

A

in early childhood
16% in females
13% in males

139
Q

cognitive development of middle childhood

A 
self-efficacy (know what to do and do it)
focus on several aspects 
cause and effect
sense of self
independence 
peer relationships
140
Q

EER school age males

A

4-8 yo; 1742 kcal/d

9-13 yo; 2279 kcal/d

141
Q

EER school age females

A

4-8 yo; 1642 kcal/d

9-13 yo; 2071 kcal/d

142
Q

protein DRI for 4-13 yo boys and girls

A

.95 g/kg body wt

143
Q

acceptable range of fat for 4-18

A

25% to 35% of energy

144
Q

linoleic fatty acids

A 
omega 6 
seeds, nuts, whole grain cereals
precursor for arachidonic acid - cell membrane in CNS 
4-8 = 10 g
boys 9-13 = 12 g
girls 9-13 = 10 g
145
Q

alpha-linoleic fatty acids

A 
omega 3
fish, flaxseed, soy oil, canola oil
precursor for EPA and DA (heart beat, blood pressure) 
4-8 = .9 g
boys 9-13= 1.2 g
girls 9-13 = 1 g
146
Q

fiber

A 
prevention of chronic disease
fruits, vegetables, whole grains 
4-8 = 25g
boys 9-13 = 31 g
girls 9-13 = 26 g
147
Q

RDA iron, zinc, calcium 9-13

A

iron: 8mg/d
zinc: 8 mg/d
calcium: 1300 mg/d

148
Q

soft drinks add ___ kcal/d and ____ mg caffeine to 6-11 yos’ diets

A

229 kcal/day

35-50 mg caffeine

149
Q

___% consume up to 8.9 ounces of soft drink/day

A

32%

150
Q

___% consume >= 9 ounces of soft drink/day

A

32%

151
Q

___% are non-consumers of soft drinks

A

36%

152
Q

only ___% of middle and junior high schools require daily physical activity

A

8%

153
Q

only ___% of 5-15 yo children walk to school and ___2% ride their bike to school

A

35%

2%

154
Q

iron deficiency

A

less common in children than toddlers
4% in 6-11
5% in 3-5
7% in 1-2 (toddles)

155
Q

adiposity rebound

A

7 y = late

156
Q

for each additional hour to tv, prevalence of obesity increased by ___%

A

2%

157
Q

children age ____ have highest rates of daily tv time

A

11-13

158
Q

4 stage approach to treatment of overweight/obesity

A

prevention plus
structured weight management (SWM)
comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention (CMI)
tertiary care intervention (severely obese adolescents)

159
Q

treatment for BMI 85th-94th %

A

weight maintenance or slowing of rate of weight gain while gaining height until <85th % achieved

160
Q

treatment for BMI >95th - 98th %

A

weight maintenance/slowing rate of grain or gradual weight loss of <85th%

161
Q

treatment for BMI >99th%

A

weight loss of <85th

162
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A

federal legislation that require the last restrictive environment resulting in inclusive setting for children ex: children in wheelchairs or with Down Syndrome spend time in regular classroom

163
Q

increased calories for

A

autism, ADHA (low impulse control, and short attention span)

164
Q

high protein needs for

A

cystic fibrosis

increases to 150% DRI

165
Q

supplement for cystic fibrosis

A

fat- soluble vitamin supplements due to poor intestinal absorption

166
Q

galactosemia supplement

A

calcium due to restricted dairy intake

167
Q

type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

A

1: autoimmune disease
2: insulin resistance, obesity, varies with ethnicity
consequences: organ damage, premature death

168
Q

seizures/epilepsy

A

uncontrolled electrical disturbance in brain

3.5/1000

169
Q

postictal state

A

time after seizure of altered consciousness

170
Q

treatment for seizures

A

medication - may impact growth/appetite

ketogenic diets: very low CHO diet (ketones instead of glucose are main fuel sources)

171
Q

cerebral palsy in childhood/pre adolescence

A

1.4-2.4/1000

resulting from brain damage…

172
Q

spastic quadriplegia

A

mots severe form of cerebral palsy

173
Q

other brain damage with cerebral palsy…

A

39-44% have mental retardation
26-36% have seizures
14-18% have visual impairment

174
Q

athetosis

A

uncontrolled movement with increases energy expenditure (need higher calories)

175
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

inborn error of metabolism
1/12,000 births
body lacks enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine
completely avoid meat, eggs, dairy, nuts, soy

176
Q

ADHD

A

most common neurobehavioral problem
5-8% of school age children
Ritalin or Adderal

177
Q

___ people living with HIV

A

34 million

178
Q

___ acquired HIV in 2011

A

2.5 million

179
Q

___ people with HIV in USA

A

682,668

180
Q

___ people living with AIDS in USA

A

490,696

Nutrition 325 (3 decks)

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