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Nutrition 325 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

11-21

irrational phase

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2
Q

puberty

A

time frame during which the body matures from that of a child to an adult

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3
Q

female puberty years

A

10.5-14

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4
Q

male puberty years

A

12-16.5

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5
Q

cognitive maturation years

A

12-16

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6
Q

____ is used to assess nutritional needs

A

sexual maturation (biological age, not chronological age)

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7
Q

SMR

A

sexual maturation rating

scale of secondary sexual characteristics used to asses degree of pubertal maturation

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8
Q

SMR based on…

A

breast development and appearance of pubic hair in females

testicular/penile development and appearance of pubic hair in males

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9
Q

SMR 1

A

prepubertal growth and development

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10
Q

SMR 2-4

A

occurrences of puberty

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11
Q

SMR 5

A

sexual maturation has concluded

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12
Q

menarche

A

onset of first menstrual period

2-4 years after initial development of breast buds

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13
Q

average age of menarche

A

12.4 (range 9-17) during SMR 4

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14
Q

female peak linear growth

A

during SMR 2-3
~6-12 months prior to menarche
last ~24-26 month, ceasing by 16 yo

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15
Q

females gain ___ in/year during peak of growth spurt

A

3.5

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16
Q

females, as much as ___% of adult weight is gained during adolescence

A

50%

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17
Q

during puberty females experience at ___% increase in lean body mass and ___% increase in body fat

A

44% LBM

120% body fat

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18
Q

spermarche

A

14 yo average (range 9.5-17)

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19
Q

male peak linear growth velocity…

A

occurs during SMR 4

14.4 yo

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20
Q

males gain ___in during peak of growth spurt

A

2.8 to 4.8

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21
Q

males, linear growth ceases at

A

21

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22
Q

males, body fat decreases and stabilizes at

A

~12%

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23
Q

3 periods of psychosocial development

A

early adolescence 11-14
middle 15-17
late 18-21

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24
Q

snacks account for ___% of daily energy intake

A

40%

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25
Q

during last decade… snacks..

A

average size has remained stable but # of snacks has increased

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26
Q

most commonly skipped meal

A

breakfast

only 21% of adolescent females tend to eat breakfast daily

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27
Q

about ___% of adolescents follow a vegetarian diet

A

4%

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28
Q

14-18 yo males linoleic and linolenic

A

16g/d linoleic

1.6 g/d linolenic

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29
Q

14-18 yo females linoleic and linolenic

A

11 g/d linoleic

1.1 g/d linolenic

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30
Q

males have higher calorie needs than females because ..

A

great increase in ht, wt, and LBR and higher BMR

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31
Q

protein requirements influenced by protein needed…

A

to maintain existing LBM

for growth of new LBM

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32
Q

DRI protein 9-13 and 14-18

A

9-13: .95 g/kg

14-18: .85 g/kg

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33
Q

calcium absorption highest around ___ for females and ___ in males

A

around menarche in females

during early adolescence in males

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34
Q

___ times more calcium absorbed during early adolescence than early adulthood

A

~4 times more

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35
Q

peak bone mass

A

early 20s in females and males

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36
Q

calcium DRI 9-18

A

1300 mg/d

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37
Q

average calcium intake for females and males

A

948 females

1260 males

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38
Q

iron for females

A

9-13: 8 mg/day

14-18: 15 mg/day

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39
Q

iron for males

A

greatest during growth spurt
9-13: 8 mg/d
14-18: 11 mg/d

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40
Q

iron deficiency

A

low iron stores, often undiagnosed

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41
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

indicative of more advanced stage of iron deficiency
determined by hemoglobin or hematocrit levels
fatigue, reduced immunocompetence, etc.

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42
Q

female iron deficiency

A

9% 12-15
11% 15-19
2% iron deficiency anemia

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43
Q

iron deficiency males

A

5% 12-15
2% 15-19
<1% anemia

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44
Q

folate required for

A

DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

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45
Q

folate DRI

A

300 mcg/d 9-13

400 mcg/d 14-18

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46
Q

vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis

deficiency rate in adolescents

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47
Q

vitamin D

A

intestinal absorption of Ca and normal bone formation

insufficient in 39% of female and 29% of male adolescents

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48
Q

vitamin D DRI

A

600 IU/d (15 micrograms/d)

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49
Q

___% of adolescents meet activity guidelines

A

35%

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50
Q

about ___ US adolescents attend physical activity class at last once/week

A

1/2

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51
Q

competitive athletes may need ___ additional calories per day

A

500-1500

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52
Q

protein should supply no more than___% of calories in diet

A

30%

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53
Q

adulthood

A

21 to 64

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54
Q

divisions of adulthood (used in textbook)

A

early adulthood 21-39
midlife 40-64
later adulthood 65+

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55
Q

can survive without food for…

A

~2 months

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56
Q

nutrition and exercise are among the main lifestyle factors that reduce risk of the onset and severity of ____ leading causes of death

A

5 of the 10

cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, liver disease

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57
Q

___% of adult cells are replaced daily

A

5%

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58
Q

males, gradual decline in testosterone begins at age ___

A

40 to 50

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59
Q

males underweight –>

A

low sperm

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60
Q

males malnutrition –>

A

low libido

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61
Q

male alcohol use –>

A

defective sperm

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62
Q

men, body weight rises beginning age

A

40

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63
Q

low of estrogen at menopause leads to…

A

increases abdominal fat

increased risk of osteoporosis

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64
Q

with cessation of menstruation, iron needs…

A

decrease from 18 to 8 mg/day

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65
Q

primary nutrition concern during adulthood

A

weight management

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66
Q

weight gain in males and females…

A

between 40 and 60 years
males- .7 lb/yr
females- 1.2 lb/yr

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67
Q

males use ___% more calories than females because…

A

5-10% because greater lean mass

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68
Q

starvation slows energy expenditure by ___

A

20-30%

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69
Q

individuals vary by as much as ___% in caloric expenditure for same activity

A

20%

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70
Q

__% of females and ___% of males are dieting at any time

A

70% females

40% males

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71
Q

acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges

A

fat 20-35%
carbs 45-65%
protein 10-35%

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72
Q

adults consume ___ calories/d as beverages

A

400

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73
Q

fiber

A

38 mg/d for males

35 g/day for females

74
Q

folate

A

400 mcg/d

75
Q

sodium

A

1500 mg/d

76
Q

calcium 1000

A

mg/d

77
Q

physical activity recommendations for adults

A

at least 30 mins/day of moderate 5 or more days/week
moderate = burn 210-420 Kcal/hr
resistance training 2 or 3 times a week for 30 mins

78
Q

changing nomenclature

A

1980s - ideal body weight
mid 1980s - desirable body weight
1995 - healthy body weight

79
Q

overweight

A

weight level associated with higher risk of disease, disability, and death
degree of overweight

80
Q

BMI

A

kg/m^2

overweight: 25-29.9
obese: >30

81
Q

hormones involved in energy metabolism and appetite regulation

A

insulin
ghrelin
leptin

82
Q

insulin

A

peripheral- increase synthesis and storage of fat

CNS - decrease food intake

83
Q

ghrelin

A

increase food intake and decrease metabolism and fat use

84
Q

leptin

A

CNS - decrease in food intake and increase thermoregulation
produced by adipocytes (fat cells)
messenger in feedback loop between adipose tissue and hypothalamus
regulation of energy intake, expenditure, and adaptation to starvation
levels increase with obesity, proportional to fat mass

85
Q

leptin-ghrelin-neuropeptide Y (NPY) axis for energy balance

A

interplay between appetite regulation and energy expenditure regulation networks in hypothalamus and peripheral afferent signaling

86
Q

leptin therapy reduced energy intake up to…

A

84%

87
Q

central leptin insufficiency can be corrected by…

A

administration of leptin directly to hypothalamus

administration of viral vectors to introduce the leptin gene into the hypothalamus (central leptin gene therapy)

88
Q

leptin gene therapy

A

recombinant adeno-associated virus leptin gene
long term expression
low immunogenicity

89
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

spectrum of metabolic abnormalities that increase risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

90
Q

risk factors for metabolic syndrome

A

waist circumference >40 men and >35 women
blood triglycerides >150mg/dL
HDL 130/85 mm Hg
fasting blood glucose >100 md/g

diagnosis if 3 or more

91
Q

prevalence of metabolic syndrome

A

~20-30% of adults

92
Q

prevalence of cardiovascular disease

A

over 82 million adults
men develop at younger age
women catch up after menopause
racial and ethnic differences

93
Q

1 cause of death is US

A

cardiovascular disease

94
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries
due to plaque buildup
increase risk of myocardial infraction and stroke

95
Q

LDL risk

A

optimal <100 mg/dL

96
Q

HDL risk

A

<40 mg/dL

97
Q

saturated fat

A

<7% of calories

98
Q

trans fat

A

<1% of calories

99
Q

dietary cholesterol

A

<200 mg/day

100
Q

diabetes fasting blood glucose…

A

> 126 mg/DL

101
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

progressive autoimmune
B cells destroyed
daily insulin injections required

102
Q

type 2

A

insulin resistance, most common

103
Q

amount of people in US with diabetes

A

25.6 million
<1% of pop in 1960
~11.3 of pop in 2010
79 million have prediabetes

104
Q

cost of diabetes

A

$174 billion

105
Q

contributors to inulin resistance

A

abdominal obesity, decreased physical activity, genetic predisposition

106
Q

short term effects of diabetes

A

blurred vision, increased urination, infections and hunger/thirst, decreased wound healing

107
Q

long term effects of diabetes

A

heart disease, hypertension, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, poor circulation, loss of limbs

108
Q

main risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A

genetics, history of gestational diabetes, obesity and central obesity, physical inactivity, low whole grain and fiber intake

109
Q

metaformin

A

acts by increasing insulin sensitivity of liver, muscle and adipose tissue

110
Q

statins

A

lower cholesterol
slow or block the HMG-CoA reductase - main enzyme in cholesterol synthesis by the liver
stabilize plaque
reduce arterial inflammation

111
Q

connective tissue cancers

A

sarcomas

112
Q

muscular cancers

A

myosarcomas

113
Q

nervous cancers

A

gliomas

114
Q

epithelial cancers

A

skin, GI, urogenital, secretory, respiratory

115
Q

incidence of cancer in 2011

A

1.6 million will be diagnosed

600,000 die of cancer annually

116
Q

most common cancers in adult

A

prostate, breast, colorectal, lung

117
Q

ethnic group with highest rate of new cancers

A

white women, back men

118
Q

lowest rate of new cancer

A

American Indians and Alaska

119
Q

smoking linked to ___% cancers

A

30%

120
Q

morbidity following BC metastasis includes…

A

hypercalcemia, chronic pain, fractures

121
Q

HIV prevalence

A

40 million worldwide

1.1 million in US

122
Q

latency stage of HIV

A

weeks to 20 years

123
Q

eligibility for AARP

A

50

124
Q

senior discounts

A

60

125
Q

eligibility for full social security

A

65

126
Q

DRI category age

A

70

127
Q

“young old”

A

65-74

128
Q

aged

A

75-84

129
Q

oldest old

A

85 and older

130
Q

~___% are >65 yrs

A

13% (37 million)

131
Q

by 2030, ___% will be >65

A

19%

132
Q

life span

A

max number of years someone might live

110-120

133
Q

life expectancy

A

average # of years of life remaining. commonly reported from birth
US: 78 yrs

134
Q

programmed aging

A

theory of limited cell replication

modular lock theory, telomeres act as clocks

135
Q

wear and tear theories of aging

A

oxidative stress theory

rate of living theory

136
Q

DETERMINE checklist

A

integrates a list of warning signs of poor nutritional health in older adults

137
Q

pyramid adaptations for older adults

A

additional fluids/water at base
additional vitamin/mineral supplements at top
narrower to reflect fewer calories

138
Q

___% lower caloric requirements for older adults

A

~20% lower calories

139
Q

carbs for older adults

A

45-65% of calories

140
Q

fiber for older adults

A

21g females

30g males

141
Q

___% of older adults have sufficient protein intake

A

95%

142
Q

protein needs for older adults are ____

A

1 to 1.3 g/kg body weight

higher than younger…

143
Q

nitrogen balance easier achieved when

A

protein quality high
adequate calories are consumed
elders participate in resistance training

144
Q

older adults keep fat between ___% of calories

A

20-35%

145
Q

% body water …..

A

decreases with age

resulting in smaller margin of safety for staying hydrated

146
Q

> = ___ cups of fluid/day will prevent dehydration in most older adults

A

6-8 cups

147
Q

RDA vitamin A older adults

A

700 micrograms/d for females

900 micrograms/d for males

148
Q

___% of older adults have decreases serum B12 levels

A

30%

149
Q

decreased B12 linked with

A

decreased levels of HCL and pepsin

inability to split B12 from protein carriers

150
Q

RDA vitamin D 71+

A

800 IU/d (20 micrograms/d)

151
Q

RDA iron

A

8 mg/kg

152
Q

calcium RDA: adult and >51

A

adult: 1000 mg/d

>51: 1200 mg/d

153
Q

Ca in 1 cup milk

A

300 mg Ca

absorption ~32%, absorbable Ca = 96 mg

154
Q

Ca in spinach, I cup cooked

A

288 mg Ca

absorption 5%, absorbable Ca= 6 mg

155
Q

exercise guidelines for older adults

A

2-3 x/wk for strength training
30 min/day for general health
warm up and cool down stretches

156
Q

alcohol is derived from…

A

CHO such as glucose

pathway that oxidizes alcohol also oxidizes CHO

157
Q

energy value of alcohol

A

7 Kcal/g

158
Q

alcohol provides up to ___% of energy for moderate drinkers

A

10%

159
Q

alcohol provides ___

A

a 2 carbon skeleton for energy or as a substrate for generating ore complex chemicals

160
Q

alcohol influences…

A

nutrient absorption
satiety
physiological functions (bioactive)

161
Q

ethanol is …

A

a 2C structure with a single hydroxyl group which is found in beer, wine, and spirits
is a nutrient - you burn it for fuel

162
Q

sources of alcohol

A

microbes in gut
disease (auto-brewery syndrome)
diet - partially fermented fruit, alcoholic beverages
endogenous production (acetaldehyde metabolism)

163
Q

acetaldehyde can be metabolized to …

A

ethanol or pyruvate

fruits and vegetables contain small amounts

164
Q

requirements for alcohol fermentation

A

yeast, anaerobic, CHO, pH ~3, temp >50

165
Q

alcohol absorption

A

does not require digestion

ready absorbed through gut (stomach and jejunum)

166
Q

carbonated alcoholic beverages…

A

absorb more quickly than non-carbonated

167
Q

ADH and CYP2E1

A

ADH acts at low concentrations of alcohol

CYP2E1 acts at high concentrations

168
Q

acetate –>

A

acetyl CoA (primary fuel for TCA cycle)

169
Q

harmful metabolic intermediates of alcohol

A 
acetaldehyde toxicity 
high NADH:NAD ratio
vitamin A deficiency 
drug interactions 
replace more nutrient dense foods
170
Q

1 drink =

A 
beverage that is .5 fl oz of alcohol 
1.5 oz distilled spirit 
4-5 oz wine 
10 oz wine cooler
12 oz beer
171
Q

women absorb ___% more alcohol in stomach

A

30-35%

172
Q

gastric ADH…

A

can oxidize alcohol in stomach, reducing absorption by 20%

173
Q

degree of acetaldehyde accumulation depends on…

A

activities of ADH and ALDH

174
Q

acetaldehyde toxicity symptoms

A

facial flushing, headaches, nausea, tachycardia, hyperventilation

175
Q

disculfiram

A

drug that has been found some use in patients desiring to stop alcohol ingestion

176
Q

effect of HRT shocking effect…

A

coronary artery disease and stroke went up when expected to go down
if start it younger when menopause starts, you see the reduction in CV symptoms

177
Q

estrogen replacement reduces risk of hip fractures by __% and vertebral fracture by __%

A

25% and vertebral by 60%

178
Q

adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy

A

8 more stroke case
8 more breast cancer
7 more heart attacks
18 more blood clots

179
Q

cenegenics

A

optimal hormone level is of 30 year old, supplements to keep it there

180
Q

mother hormone

A

pregnenlone –> progesterone, DHEA, aldosterone…

181
Q

potential major side effects of hormone replacement

A

endocrine disruption, liver disease, heart disease, cancer

Nutrition 325 (3 decks)

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