Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is top-down processing?
to start by identifying the way the system solves problems, and the type of representations used.
What is bottom-up processing?
To start at the neural (implementation level) and work your way up to the overall organization of cognition and behaviour
How do you perceive representations?
Have representations inside the mind that stand for things “out there” (in the world)
What do symbols in our mind represent?
Symbols in our mind represent the world, we act on these symbols and move accordingly to them to interact with the world
What is a Semantic Network?
Symbols with coonnections, links, and relations that build our understanding of the world.
What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting Curve?
The Forgetting curve involves the decline of memory over time , it shows how information is lost when there is no attempt to recall it
How does information flow through neurons?
Information is collected through the dendrite and passed down by axon where that info will then be passed onto dendrites of another neuron
How does Neural Network Perception work?
Pixels activate the input layer, output layer identifies the input
How does reward learning work in humans?
It is a process rooted in rooted in our brains reward system. Involves release of NTs such as dopamine when we do something pleasurable or rewarding. Through trial and error, human learn to associate specific actions or choices with these rewarding outcomes
How does reward learning work in Artificial Intelligence?
In AI it is a critical component of reinforcement learning. Reinforcement algorithms use reward signals to update agent’s policy, encouraging it to repeat actions that lead to positive outcomes and avoid negative ones.
What is reverse engineering?
Taking apart an object to see how it works in order to duplicate or to enhance it
What did Newell challenge researchers to do?
To integrate all the fragmented data by building unifying theories
What is Dustbowl empiricism?
An approach to science that consists of making empirical observations and collecting data rather than establishing a theoretical framework
What is Parsimony?
The Parsimony principle tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. Cognitive science is parsimonious because cognitive representations are the first cause of human behaviour
What is the Lakatosian Scientific Framework?
It integrates data under unifying explanations.
What is the Unified Theory of Cognition?
a single set of mechanisms that account for all of cognition including perception and motor control
How do symbols engage with cognition?
Knowledge moves into working memory and directs procedural knowledge
How do sub-symbolic processes work?
Connectionism
What is Meta-knowledge?
A representation that is self-representing or refers to a cognitive property. Meta-knowledge refers to knowledge about knowledge itself
What is Self-Representation?
How a shape or a symbol can represent its own attributes.
What must UTC explain?
- How intelligent organisms respond flexibly to the environment
- How we exhibit goal directed behaviour and choose goals rationally
- How we learn symbols and connectionist information
- How we learn from experience
- How the mind exists as a single system with no supervisor
What are the 2 basic assumptions of UTC and Cognition?
- The mind is too complicated to be understood using the resources of any one discipline (needs to be interdisciplinary)
- The mind needs to be undersrtood at many different levels (need for an integrated multilevel explanation)
What would a complete cognitive architecture do?
it would faithfully depict all human cognitive processes. it seeks to depict all the invisible rooms of the mind
What are the steps in Newell’s level of information processing?
Implementational, Computational, Knowledge
What are the steps in Marr’s level of information processing?
Implementational, Algorithmic,
Computational
What does Marr’s level of analysis provide?
Provides a framework for understanding computational processes in information processing systems in the brain
What are the 2 models of information-processing?
- The physical symbol hypothesis
(e.g. Turing machine) - Connectionism/artificial neural networks
What is mental architecture?
A model of how the mind is organized and how it works to process information
What was the first meta-theory in cognitive science?
The information processing theory: it was an all-encompassing theory designed to explain cognition. it can use process models to understand cognition
What is a process model?
Depicts how a system operates over time. For cognition, it is a.hypothesis about the mental processes that occur when a task is performed.
What is the goal of AI?
Scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their embodiment in machines
What is the Goal of Cogsci?
Understanding the nature of the human mind as demonstrated by models that match and predict human behaviour
What is the goal of a cognitive model?
The goal of a cognitive model is to depict one or more cognitive processes and how they interact to solve tasks. Processes such as perceiving, remembering, learning, predicting, etc.
What is a model?
A representation of something that may be used in place of the real thing, abstracting unimportant features but retaining the essential. A good model is complete and faithful,.
What is a cognitive model?
It is a process model. It depicts how a psychological process function over time. Represents cognitive processes as computer code that can be tested empirically.
What is the underlying idea of cybernetics?
Build mechanical models to simulate the behaviour of natural systems
What are some uses for cognitive models?
- Researchers use cognitive models of decision making to predict preferences for consumer products.
- AI and robotic researchers use cognitive models for automated recognition and detection
What is the simple memory model?
This model asserts that human memory has 3 components:
-Sensory register
-Short term store
-Long term store
What does the architecture do?
It depicts the general operations, a single set of mechanisms for all processes
How do cognitive modelling connect to the history of science?
it connects by building theories of empirical phenomena that are tested and based on data
What is a symbolic model?
This model uses symbolic representations to simulate cognitive processes (problem solving and logical reasoning)
What is a connectionist model?
This model employs artificial neural networks to replicate how information is processes in a distributed, interconnected manner. Used for pattern recognition and learning.
What is a Computational Neuroscience model?
This models bridges cognitive science and neuroscience by simulating behaviour of neural circuits to understand how they underlie cognitive functions like perception and memory
What is a Production System Model?
This model represents cognition as a set of IF-THEN production rules, demonstrating how humans execute tasks and make decision based on rule-based systems
What does SOAR stand for and what does it do?
SOAR= State Operator and Result. SOAR is a general cognitive architecture that develops models that exhibit intelligent behaviour. It depicts the modularity of cognitive functions such as: working memory, procedural knowledge, declarative knowledge, etc.
What does ACT-R stand for and what does it do?
ACT-R= Adaptive Control of Thought - Rational.
ACT-R is a hybrid cognitive architecture based on both symbolic and sub-symbolic processes.
Procedural Knowledge is implemented by production rules
Neural correspondence?
In ACT-R, modules are correlated with their associated brain regions
What is ACT-R’s Architecture Overview?
- Production system as its base (procedural memory)
- Buffers (Working memory, temporary storage containers)
- Modules (vision, memory, motor)
- 2 types of knowledge:
Declarative Knowledge: facts, knowledge chunks
Procedural Knowledge: production rules
How does procedural knowledge work?
It is a basic process of “Match -> fire”. It works with “if - then” statements or “condition - action” statements.
“If” checks buffer content (matches to the content of working memory)
“Then” fires to change the state in a buffer or request from a module
What is Machine Theory of Mind?
It is a cognitive architecture that could help robots understand how humans think to engage with us effectively.
