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FYSM 1607 > MIdterm 1 > Flashcards

MIdterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Percept?

A

representation before something is known

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2
Q

What is a Concept?

A

representation after something is known

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3
Q

How does the brain fulfill its beneficial functions?

A

it builds models of reality and acts on them
it interprets then organizes to produce meaningful representations.

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4
Q

Why did the brain evolve?

A

for adaptive benefit

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5
Q

Mental maps of concepts are not…?

A

100% accurate, it is meant to help us understand reality better and gives explanatory power.

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6
Q

What is a theory?

A

scientific theories are explanations of aspects of the natural world that have been proved through experiments and testing

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7
Q

Greek philosophers believed?

A

observations could be accounted for by natural explanations rather than supernatural

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8
Q

Who was the first philosopher and what did he believe?

A

Thales, he believed that causes of nature are natural and not supernatural

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9
Q

Theories of what caused physical realm of disease used to be?

A

demons, witches and curses

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10
Q

Theories of what caused psychological realm of disease used to be?

A

demons and spirits.

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11
Q

What is natural causality

A

A belief that all events can be traced to natural causes that we can comprehend (natural causality).

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12
Q

What is Cognitivism

A

the belief of thinking of living things as storing and processing information rather than as responding mechanically to stimuli. “We are information processing machines”

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13
Q

What is Aristotelian Philosophy

A

We should observe reality and reason according to it. Universe’s design was orderly and that rational design had a rational function. Should change thoughts if evidence suggests otherwise
He also believed the brain functioned as a radiator to cool “warm hearts”

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14
Q

What is Logic

A

The study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning

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15
Q

What is Mathematical Logic

A

It was pioneered by philosopher mathematicians that were inspired by Aristotle/Leibniz’s dream of a universal concept language

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16
Q

Why is Philosophy important to Comp Sci

A

It teaches you how to analyze complex concepts and interconnections between them and how to express concepts elegantly and precisely in written form

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17
Q

Who was George Boole

A

George Boole created boolean logic which provided general symbolic methods of logical inference. His goal was to investigate fundamental laws and operations of the human mind

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18
Q

Who invented the concept of the algorithm

A

Al-Khwarismi

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19
Q

Who started formal logic

A

Medhatithi Gautama, formal logic started in India

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20
Q

Who was Leibniz

A

Believed human reasoning could be reduced to calculations. Enunciated the principal properties of logical operations

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21
Q

Who was Gottlob Frege

A

Considered to be father of analytic philosophy, invented axiomatic predicate logic and quantified variables.

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22
Q

What was the Renaissance

A

Catholic church burnt down places of knowledge causing Europe to go into dark ages. Books of knowledge were translated into European languages and with this ideas began to grow in Europe once more

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23
Q

What is Cartesian Dualism

A

View that the mind and brain are 2 distinct types of substance

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24
Q

What is introspection:

A

looking within ourselves to observe the content of our major lives

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25
Q

What are psychology’s roots in?

A

Philosophy and Physiology

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26
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Making behaviour more or les likely to happen

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27
Q

Problems with Behaviourism?

A

Understanding mental entities are essential to understanding and predicting behaviour

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28
Q

What is Psychological theory

A

-It describes behaviour
-makes predictions of future behaviours
-must have evidence to support ideas
-must be testable

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29
Q

What is Empiricism

A

it is the theory that knowledge that asserts knowledge is gained through experience

30
Q

if it is real it will react with reality…?

A

lawfully, reliably, and predictably

31
Q

What is the Burden of Proof?

A

It is when you stand on the default that something is false until proven true, responsibility of person making the claim is to prove it, all claims require evidence.

32
Q

What is the Null Hypothesis?

A

it is the default position that there is no relationship between 2 variables.

33
Q

What is Declarative Knowledge?

A

“Knowledge what?”
eg. bike = transport

34
Q

What is Procedural Knowledge?

A

“Knowledge how?”
eg. if bike - then pedal

35
Q

How did Skinner view how children learnt language?

A

-Children learn by reinforcement
-Correct utterances are positively reinforced

Chomsky believed this was wrong, and that stimulus was not enough to explain it

36
Q

What is the Poverty of Stimulus?

A

information required to learn language in is not present in the environment and that it must be an innate mechanism in human brain.
rules of language are too rich to learn by imitation from environment.

37
Q

What is the Language Acquisition Device?

A

it is an intrinsic mental capacity that enables to acquire and produce language, humans are born with innate facility for acquiring language

38
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

Fundamental change in basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
Happens when old/dominant paradigm are not compatible with new phenomena

39
Q

What is the Computational Theory of Mind

A

it is the theory that states that the mind is like a computer, a turing machine, where the core mental processes are like computations.
The mind inputs data, stores within internal memory, transforms information by rules and produces intelligent outputs

40
Q

What is Multiple Realizability?

A

The idea that the same mental states can be implemented by different physical properties
(It is not necessarily a transfer of consciousness but a copy of consciousness)

41
Q

What are internal representations?

A

Can be anything such as thoughts, beliefs, desires perceptions, etc.
Representations can refer to mental models of reality

information processing depends on internal representations.

42
Q

What are Newell’s Level

A

-Knowledge Level (Representations)/ Top level: Concepts that represent properties of a system
Declarative Knowledge is here

-Computational Level (Operations)/ Middle Level: Computational operations that carry out a task
Procedural Knowledge is here

-Neural level (Hardware)/ Bottom Level: Physical hardware responsible for processing information

43
Q

What is a Turing Machine?

A

an abstract device intended to help investigate the principles of computation and limitations of what could be computed

44
Q

What is the Content/Vehicle Distinction?

A

All representations are a vehicle and the meaning it represents its content. Mental representations have content. Symbols act as vehicles that contain meaningful content

45
Q

What is Intentionality

A

It is the distinguishinmg feature of mental phenomena, mental entities are not for themselves , they stand for something else (aboutness)

46
Q

What is a Symbol

A

A pattern that denotes something humans can interpret

47
Q

What is the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis and what are its 4 basic ideas?

A

it is a theory of how symbols work
1. Symbols are patterns
2. Symbols can be combined with one another
3. Physical symbol systems contain processes for manipulating complex symbol structures
4. These processes cam be represented by symbols and symbol structures within the systems

48
Q

What is a discrete state machine?

A

machine that is in an one of a finite state at a given time

49
Q

what is the Classical Computational Theory of Mind

A

The belief that the nature of the mind is computational in nature, Neurons generate computations that produce intelligence

50
Q

What is No Relevant Difference

A

in order to justify treating two entities morally differently, there has to be a relevant difference between those two entities.

51
Q

What does Philosophy contribute to cognitive science?

A
  1. Generates testable hypothesis
  2. integrates a wide range of empirical results into a broad theoretical picture
  3. contributes to conceptual clarity
  4. can provide thought experiments
52
Q

2 important features of functional states are?

A
  1. Mental states can be realized in multiple ways
  2. Are characterized relationally in terms of the role they play in a wider system
53
Q

what is an algorithm?

A

finite set if unambiguous rules that can be applied to an object to transform it in a finite amount of times

54
Q

Type 2 processes are?

A

Slow, conscious, controlled
knowledge is retrieved into working memory and directs procedural knowledge on how to act

55
Q

Type 1 processes are?

A

fast, unconscious, automatica feeling is help in working memory and causes procedural knowledge to act it out

56
Q

Connectionism is?

A

neurons transmit signals to one another and fire when limit exceedes threshold
brain involves networks of individual neurons with synaptic connections between them that send electrical signals of varying strengths

57
Q

If input is excitatory then?

A

units move towards activity

58
Q

if input is inhibitory then?

A

units move away from activity

59
Q

Hebbian Network is?

A

When 2 neurons fire together the weight between them increases and decreases when they activate seperately

60
Q

What is the Violation of the Laws of Coservation

A

It is when mental events can cause physical events since there is an increase of energy when there is no decrease

61
Q

What is the Mind-Brain Identity Theory

A

Every type of mental state exists is identical to a type of brain state
“The mind is what the brain does”

62
Q

How do we know brain generates the mind

A

brain injuries impact function

63
Q

What kind of brain activity can we measure?

A

-EEG (electroencephalography): electrical activity frim neurochemical messaging (action potentials)
-BOLD(blood-oxygenation level dependant): where blood has metabolized in brain

64
Q

What is modularity of the mind?

A

The theory states human minds consist iof specialized mental modules. each module is responsible for processing specific types of info and cognitive functions. Modules operate independently

65
Q

What is information encapsulation?

A

The fact that modules cannot access info elsewhere other than it’s own system

66
Q

what is the representational theory of the mind

A

Psychological explanations express relations among mental states (thoughts, beliefs, desires, and action).

67
Q

What are symbols?

A

Symbols are physical objects with semantic (meaningful) properties

68
Q

What is the difference between the RTM and the CTM

A

RTM: states mental states are representations of external and internal reality, emphasizing the content of mental representations

CTM: focuses on processes that manipulate mental representations, highlighting computational operations and algorithms underlyinf congitive functions

69
Q

What does procedural knowledge not have?

A

Semantic Memory

70
Q

How are symbols possible in a connectionist system?

A

Training gives rise to new representations called clusters in a state space (distributed representations)

FYSM 1607 (2 decks)

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