Midterm 2 Flashcards
Language Acquisition
Socialization to language; this activated by caregivers who speak in native language .
“What” explanations
recognizing topic in new situational contexts, identifying and categorizing things in the world.
Social Competence
How children become competent members of society. they learn how and to whom to address. Who can interpret their utterances.
Adapting child to the situation
The Anglo-American Story
Applies to white-middle class families ; focused on two party communication ; child is held facing the caregiver.
child is treated as a conversational partner
Caregiver takes the Childs perspective.
child is exposed to dealing with ambiguity
Child learns how to negotiate interpretations
The Samoan Story
- Intersecting kinds of ranks ; affects ranking of caretakers
- Mother helped out by other caregivers; child help out by caring baby on hips
- child is not treated as conversation partner: no baby talk; utterances are not treated as communicative; spoken to in singsongy utterances
- Crawling changes everything! after crawling Childs responsibility to reach mom.
- After crawling,caregivers change tone and talk at child in a mock-teasing voice- this is an attempt to make child assertive and know their rank.
- Language starts with “shit” (this is a marker of defiance)
- Wants are addressed to highest ranking caregiver and lowest ranking caregiver executes order from mom.
- Older children expected to deliver messages verbatim
Expansion
Literacy
a way of taking or extracting meaning from around you; how a child interacts and gets meaning from the world.
Initiantion Response Evaluation (IRE) model
Form of discourse used in classrooms in which the teacher asks a student a question, the student answers, and the teacher evaluates the answer.
Linear narratives
you can draw a straight line from he beginning to the end of a story
Conversational allusions
a reference to a well-known person, character, place, or event that a writer makes to deepen the understanding of their work…
Linguistic features of baby talk
- Modifications
- intonation
-phonology: rabbit >rabbit
-morphology : mama, dada
-syntax : potty, pee pee, tummy
Language socialization
how children are socialized into and through language (social competence)
Noam Chomsky
“universal grammer “- focuses on individual learner
Language instinct
models of child rearing
adapting the situation to the child
The Kaluli Story
- Mother is the primary caregiver
- Child is held facing outward
- Child is not treated as a conversational partner ; treated as incompetent and having no understanding.
- Try not to assume the emotions of other people
- Mother can “speak” for the child : no baby talk- use child as prop, speaks fully formed sentences for the sake of others
- High pitched, nasal voice as “infants”
- Language starts with “mother” or “breasts”
- mistakes are corrected
Scaffolding
helping a child learn a new skill by building on what they already have.
elema
“say like that”
bedtime stories
Literacy event
early stages of reading
In this stage, kids being to able, list features, and give “what” explanations. They can recount events in linear fashion
Advanced reading stage
Children can reason explanations, analogically reasoning, affective commentaries
Maintown
White upper middle class
Maintown #2
books treated as a source of entertainment
Maintown #3
books have authority
Maintown #4
Children are active participants in bedtime stories; both parents and child interrupt stories with questions ; at 3 years old, children will choose to read to adults
Social features of baby talk #2
- condescend
- establish affectionate and nurturing relationships
Maintown #5
repetitive training of every night having a story read to them. grow in :
- labeling, scaffolding
-linear narratives
- affective commentaries; likes and dislikes
-sustained conversational allusions and overlapping commentary linking books and enviornment
Tracktown
Black working class
Tracktown #1
verbal skills through social interactions ; constant communication around the child
Tracktown #2
babies are surrounded by people, not stuff.
-Not many books or manipulative games
Tracktown #3
generally no bedtime ritual
- no expansion of the child’s talk
- adults do not simplify language
- include children as part of the converstaion
Tracktown #4
by 12 months, children imitate adult speech
- by 24 months, children can speech like adults, and are treated as conversation partners
-can anticipate other’s behaviors in games
Tracktown #5
No “what” questions, but rather analogical questions… “what is it like?”
Tracktown #6
children spontaneously produce stories designed for audiences. Stories often have no point, no obvious beginning, middle or end…
Tracktown #7
lack composition and comprehension skills to take meaning from reading
- limited written expression
- do not observed rules of linearity in writing
Tracktown #8
develop connections between stories, but cannot name the specific features which make two items or events alike.
- creative comparison between two situations
-affective commentaries
Affective commentaries
Social features of baby talk 1
- Baby talk not as helpful as we think
- all children will acquire correct language despite baby talk
Extinct languages
nobody speaks the language
Dead languages
no more native speakers; spoken by scholars or religious clergy.
Critically endangered languages
spoken by few members of the oldest generation. often semi speakers
definitely endangered languages
not spoken by children; spoken fluently by older generation ; children will not be speaking lang. in 100 yeas
Vulnerable languages
not spoken by children outside the house
safe language
there is intergenerational transfer of the language
Intergenerational transfer
the family is passing it down to their children to speak.
Roadville
white working class; babies surrounded by visual stimuli
Roadville #1
book reading focuses on labelling: letters of alphabet, numbers, and basic items.
Roadville #2
Child “listens” quietly. Not encouraged to ask questions
Roadville #3
complicated stories are simplified by adults
- short simple sentences
-child provides “what”explanations
Roadville #4
fictionalization’s are treated as lies
Roadville #5
children not encouraged to make connection between books and their environment.
- difficulty comparing and contrasting stories and real events
- unable to think hypothetically or provide affective commentary
Languages shift
when a community of users replaces one language by another, Orr shifts to that other language.
Causes of Language death
- natural disasters, famine, disease
- war and genocide
- political repression
- economic, political and cultural marginalizatin.
seven levels of language
- English
- Chinese, Spanish, Hindi-Urdu
- Arabic, French, German, Japanese, Malay
- significant nationally or regionally
- locally and socially strong
- small and (perhaps) managing
- extremely small and endangered
the English Language Complex
language revitalization
promoting edu. literacy in minority languages - elders tutelage.
language loss
cultural knowledge and practices are encoded in language. perspectives attitudes, inherited knowledge not necessarily translatable into other languages.
English vernacular’s
the way people use English in a specific country or region
Language preservation
recording language before they become extinct
Social meanings of language
Individual multilingualism
a persons ability in languages other than their mother tongue.
Bilingualism
fluency in or use of two languages
Societal multilingualism
languages have different functions and often a different status
Ecology of communication
nature and evolution on language
Language ideology
morally and politically loaded representations of the structure and use of languages in a social world. They link language identities, institutions, and values in all societies. They actively mediate between and shape linguistic forms and social processes.
ideology of the standard
Language standardization
brings to a language a uniformity and consistent norm and form of writing and speaking…
Communication dyads
communication occurring between two people who engage in face-to-face interaction for purposes of social facilitation or fulfillment or the exchange of ideas and information
multilingualism
most people are proficient in language varieties
language varieties
diglossia
code switching (superposed variation ). The coexisting of two varieties of the same language in a speech community.
language shift
language with fewer speakers and less power are being abandoned in favor of more powerful languages or economic opportunities.
acadjonne
Acadian French
Ideology of the dialect
Code switching
a person changing languages or dialects through out a single conversation and sometimes even over the course of a single sentence
factors affecting code switching
