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Anthropology 104 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Fields of Anthropology

A
  1. Cultural
  2. Linguistic
  3. Biological
  4. Anthropology
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2
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Not judging a culture according to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or abnormal.

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3
Q

Paralinguistic Feature

A

non-verbal communication; support communication ; quotable gestures; quotable vocalizations; gesticulation; intonation

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4
Q

Language Instinct

A

Humans learn language primarily through instinct, guided by human interaction, that develops naturally as infants are brought up in their respective communities

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5
Q

Quotable Gestures

A

are emblems, forms of Digital Communication.
Ex: Thumbs Up, Flipping the Bird, mmhmm

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6
Q

Syntax

A

This is a reflection of the culture; It is a word order structure

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7
Q

Immediacy

A

Present state of emotions and intentions

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8
Q

Gesticulations (Gestures)

A

Functions in relation to spoken discourse

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9
Q

Franz Boaz

A

The creator of Anthropology

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10
Q

Linguistic Relativism

A
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11
Q

Gesture Calls

A

Are considered analog communication; nonverbal; gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, posture, bodily movements, expresses emotions and intentions.

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12
Q

Deaf Signing

A

form of communication; have signs that represent an object; digital communication; directs language through the hands and in through the eyes

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13
Q

Digital Communication

A

not ambitious; has 1 interpretation; a NON-NEGOTIABLE

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14
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

“Language Instinct”

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15
Q

Productivity

A

triplicating a word
EX: “this tree is very very very old”
“John is my great great great grandfather”

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16
Q

Displacement

A

things in distant space or time, past and future emotions and ideas, imaginary things

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17
Q

Quotable Vocalizations

A

coventalized words ; meaningful noises; digital communication
EX: mmm…hmm
uh-huh
huh?

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18
Q

Intonations

A
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19
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

The study of how language influences social life. (patterns of communication)

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20
Q

Cultural Competence

A

A set of skills. values and principles that acknowledge, respect and contribute to effective interaction between individuals and the various cultural and ethnic groups they come in contact with.

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21
Q

Tools

A

Tape recorder, written field notes, video camera-ethnographer.

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22
Q

Interviews

A

Access cultural models, personal histories, background cultural information. They are a reflection on language, rather than how language is used.

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23
Q

Inscription

A

Creates representation of the ephemeral things we are observing.

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24
Q

Transcription

A

Written representation of speech

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25
Q

Ethnography of Communication

A

Language use in relation to cultural values and beliefs social institutions and forms, roles and personalities, and history

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26
Q

EMIC

A

Insiders point of view

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27
Q

ETIC

A

Outsiders point of view

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28
Q

Speech Event

A

Culturally meaningful activity with particular rules and expectations for language use.

EX: LECTURES, ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS , “GETTING TO KNOW YOU”

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29
Q

Speaking Model

A

S: setting
P: Participants
E: Ends
A: Act Sequence
K: Key
I: Instrumentalities
N: Norms
G: Genre

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30
Q

Speech Community

A

Any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of language.
EX:
- Shared language use
-shared rules of speaking and interpretations
- shared attitudes and values
- shard social cultural understanding with regard to speech.

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31
Q

Communicative Competence

A

This is what to say and how to appropriately say it in any given situation.

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32
Q

Dialects

A

Distribution of Colloquial forms of language in society

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33
Q

Focal Areas

A

Centers of Innovation

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34
Q

Relic Zones

A

old forms are still current

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35
Q

Transition Zones

A

Coexistence of linguistic forms

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36
Q

Dialectical Variation

A

Variants used by certain groups that are different from those used by other groups with in the same cultural environment

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37
Q

Special Parlances

A

Craft jargons

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38
Q

Verbal Repertoires

A

The totality of dialectal and superposed variants regularly employed with in a community.

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39
Q

Superposed Variation

A

Variants used in different activities carried on by the same group

40
Q

Ethnography

A

Methods used to collect data ; written product of field work.

41
Q

Participant Observation

A

Long-term field work; participation influenced by factors

42
Q

Structure

A

The arrangement of and relationships between elements of a larger complex whole

43
Q

Phonetics

A

the description and analysis of every possible human speech sound

44
Q

Phonology

A

The study of sounds and their distribution with in particular languages and language varieties

45
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound. Only meaningful in organized combinations.
EX: C-A-T ; C-AUGH-T

46
Q

Consanants

A

Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

47
Q

Voicing

A

Channeling air through vocal apparatus; vibration in the throat.

48
Q

Place of Articulation

A
  1. Alveolar
  2. Post-Alveolar
49
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

How air is passed through vocal tract

50
Q

Plosive

A

Air is completely stopped from flowing and then released in a burst

51
Q

Fricative

A

Partial blockage of vocal tract so that air is forced through a narrow channel

52
Q

Affricative

A

a plosive + a fricative ; stop followed by release of air through narrow channels
EX: /CH/, /J/

53
Q

Nasal

A

Block airflow through mouth and let air pass through nose
EX: /M/ ,/N/, /NG/

54
Q

Laterals

A

Tongue blocks middle of the mouth so that air has to pass around the sides

55
Q

Retroflex

A

Tip of the tongue curled up toward hard palate.

56
Q

Bilabel

A

2 lips together

57
Q

Labiodental

A

Lower lips against front teeth

58
Q

Interdental

A

tongue between teeth

59
Q

Palatal

A

tongue on hard palate

60
Q

Glottal

A

epiglottis

61
Q

Velar

A

Tongue near soft palate

62
Q

Quality

A

how the vowel sounds;
Tongue: Front, central, back

63
Q

Vowels

A

Open flow of air, voiced
Quality & Quantity

64
Q

Quantity

A

How long vowel is sounded

65
Q

Diphthong

A

singel vowels combine with semi-vowels

66
Q

Allophones

A

families of the same sound
EX: S/T/O/P + P/O/T
C/A/K/E + SK/A/T/E

67
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the forms of words

68
Q

Morpheme

A

a unit of language that cannot be further divided

69
Q

Free Morpheme

A

a stand-alone word that cannot be broken into smaller morphemes

70
Q

Bound Morphemes

A

Morphemes that can’t stand alone and only occur as parts of words

71
Q

Clitic

A

a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

72
Q

Immediate Constituent Analysis

A

A system of grammatical analysis that gives sentences Ito successive layers

73
Q

Derivational Morphemes

A

A root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word.

74
Q

Inflectional Morphemes

A

An inflectional morpheme is added to a noun, verb, adjective or adverb to assign a particular grammatical property to that word such as: tense, number, possession, or comparison.

75
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A
76
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Our language determines how we see the world. NOT TESTABLE.

77
Q

linguistic relativity (Sapir- Wharf)

A

the language you speak influences how you experience the world. People act about situations in ways which are like the ways they talk about them.

78
Q

English Habitual Thought

A

A world of things, substance, and matter
- treat time as a commodity
-separate things and their forms
-WE Objectify

79
Q

Hopi Habitual thought

A

A world of events
- preparing announcing, participating in events
- No objectifying

80
Q

Ordinal Numbers

A

describes numerical position of an object 9first, second, third )

81
Q

Cardinal Numbers

A

natural numbers used to measure a set ( 1, 2, 3…)

82
Q

Mass nouns

A

denote indefiniteness; lack plurality; no clear boundary; use names of body types (stick of butter, piece of cloth, pane of glass, bar of soap) ; introduce name of containers (cup of coffee, bag of flour, bottle of beer, glass of water)

83
Q

Binomial Formula

A
84
Q

Temporals

A
85
Q

tensors

A

Class of words that denotes only intensity, tendency, duration, and sequence

86
Q

linear thinking

A

line between material and metaphorical points

87
Q

nonlinear thinking

A

No chronological sequence; no distinction between past, present, and future tenses

88
Q

Time

A

English: time and objects are counted and talked about in the same way.
- time is treated like a physical quantity
- ten dogs, ten days

89
Q

Temporals

A

English Temporals: pluralized and numerated like nouns of physical objects ( summer, winter, September, morning ,noon, sunset )

Hopi Temporals: Adverbs : expresses a relationship between places, times, qualities
- generalize time but all the conditions at the time

90
Q

Counting

A

We only experience today, nine other days are injured from memory or imagination ; plurality and cardinal numbers apply to both real an imaginary things.

91
Q

tenses

A

English Tenses: Past, Present, Future, Objectified (imagined like points on a line)

Hopi Tenses: Verb have no tenses.
EX: I am happy
I hope to be happy
I remember being happy

92
Q

space

A

English Space: Objectified
- use spatial metaphors : short, great, stop, move sink,
- EX: “grasp argument”, “come to a point”

Hopi space: do not use space terms whether is no space involved
- Tensors : adverbs that talk about space

93
Q

Analog Communication

A

Can be more than 1 interpretation. It’s ambitious to both parties. You can’t lie. an involuntary response

94
Q

Paralinguistic Cues

A

nonverbal communication; support language

95
Q

Critical theory of Lening Berry

A

if you don’t learn any verbal language by the age of 14, you can’t learn it anymore.

Anthropology 104 (3 decks)

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