Midterm 1 Flashcards
Four Fields of Anthropology
- Cultural
- Linguistic
- Biological
- Anthropology
Cultural Relativism
Not judging a culture according to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or abnormal.
Paralinguistic Feature
non-verbal communication; support communication ; quotable gestures; quotable vocalizations; gesticulation; intonation
Language Instinct
Humans learn language primarily through instinct, guided by human interaction, that develops naturally as infants are brought up in their respective communities
Quotable Gestures
are emblems, forms of Digital Communication.
Ex: Thumbs Up, Flipping the Bird, mmhmm
Syntax
This is a reflection of the culture; It is a word order structure
Immediacy
Present state of emotions and intentions
Gesticulations (Gestures)
Functions in relation to spoken discourse
Franz Boaz
The creator of Anthropology
Linguistic Relativism
Gesture Calls
Are considered analog communication; nonverbal; gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, posture, bodily movements, expresses emotions and intentions.
Deaf Signing
form of communication; have signs that represent an object; digital communication; directs language through the hands and in through the eyes
Digital Communication
not ambitious; has 1 interpretation; a NON-NEGOTIABLE
Noam Chomsky
“Language Instinct”
Productivity
triplicating a word
EX: “this tree is very very very old”
“John is my great great great grandfather”
Displacement
things in distant space or time, past and future emotions and ideas, imaginary things
Quotable Vocalizations
coventalized words ; meaningful noises; digital communication
EX: mmm…hmm
uh-huh
huh?
Intonations
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how language influences social life. (patterns of communication)
Cultural Competence
A set of skills. values and principles that acknowledge, respect and contribute to effective interaction between individuals and the various cultural and ethnic groups they come in contact with.
Tools
Tape recorder, written field notes, video camera-ethnographer.
Interviews
Access cultural models, personal histories, background cultural information. They are a reflection on language, rather than how language is used.
Inscription
Creates representation of the ephemeral things we are observing.
Transcription
Written representation of speech
Ethnography of Communication
Language use in relation to cultural values and beliefs social institutions and forms, roles and personalities, and history
EMIC
Insiders point of view
ETIC
Outsiders point of view
Speech Event
Culturally meaningful activity with particular rules and expectations for language use.
EX: LECTURES, ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS , “GETTING TO KNOW YOU”
Speaking Model
S: setting
P: Participants
E: Ends
A: Act Sequence
K: Key
I: Instrumentalities
N: Norms
G: Genre
Speech Community
Any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of language.
EX:
- Shared language use
-shared rules of speaking and interpretations
- shared attitudes and values
- shard social cultural understanding with regard to speech.
Communicative Competence
This is what to say and how to appropriately say it in any given situation.
Dialects
Distribution of Colloquial forms of language in society
Focal Areas
Centers of Innovation
Relic Zones
old forms are still current
Transition Zones
Coexistence of linguistic forms
Dialectical Variation
Variants used by certain groups that are different from those used by other groups with in the same cultural environment
Special Parlances
Craft jargons
Verbal Repertoires
The totality of dialectal and superposed variants regularly employed with in a community.
Superposed Variation
Variants used in different activities carried on by the same group
Ethnography
Methods used to collect data ; written product of field work.
Participant Observation
Long-term field work; participation influenced by factors
Structure
The arrangement of and relationships between elements of a larger complex whole
Phonetics
the description and analysis of every possible human speech sound
Phonology
The study of sounds and their distribution with in particular languages and language varieties
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound. Only meaningful in organized combinations.
EX: C-A-T ; C-AUGH-T
Consanants
Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation
Voicing
Channeling air through vocal apparatus; vibration in the throat.
Place of Articulation
- Alveolar
- Post-Alveolar
Manner of Articulation
How air is passed through vocal tract
Plosive
Air is completely stopped from flowing and then released in a burst
Fricative
Partial blockage of vocal tract so that air is forced through a narrow channel
Affricative
a plosive + a fricative ; stop followed by release of air through narrow channels
EX: /CH/, /J/
Nasal
Block airflow through mouth and let air pass through nose
EX: /M/ ,/N/, /NG/
Laterals
Tongue blocks middle of the mouth so that air has to pass around the sides
Retroflex
Tip of the tongue curled up toward hard palate.
Bilabel
2 lips together
Labiodental
Lower lips against front teeth
Interdental
tongue between teeth
Palatal
tongue on hard palate
Glottal
epiglottis
Velar
Tongue near soft palate
Quality
how the vowel sounds;
Tongue: Front, central, back
Vowels
Open flow of air, voiced
Quality & Quantity
Quantity
How long vowel is sounded
Diphthong
singel vowels combine with semi-vowels
Allophones
families of the same sound
EX: S/T/O/P + P/O/T
C/A/K/E + SK/A/T/E
Morphology
the study of the forms of words
Morpheme
a unit of language that cannot be further divided
Free Morpheme
a stand-alone word that cannot be broken into smaller morphemes
Bound Morphemes
Morphemes that can’t stand alone and only occur as parts of words
Clitic
a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.
Immediate Constituent Analysis
A system of grammatical analysis that gives sentences Ito successive layers
Derivational Morphemes
A root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word.
Inflectional Morphemes
An inflectional morpheme is added to a noun, verb, adjective or adverb to assign a particular grammatical property to that word such as: tense, number, possession, or comparison.
Benjamin Whorf
Linguistic Determinism
Our language determines how we see the world. NOT TESTABLE.
linguistic relativity (Sapir- Wharf)
the language you speak influences how you experience the world. People act about situations in ways which are like the ways they talk about them.
English Habitual Thought
A world of things, substance, and matter
- treat time as a commodity
-separate things and their forms
-WE Objectify
Hopi Habitual thought
A world of events
- preparing announcing, participating in events
- No objectifying
Ordinal Numbers
describes numerical position of an object 9first, second, third )
Cardinal Numbers
natural numbers used to measure a set ( 1, 2, 3…)
Mass nouns
denote indefiniteness; lack plurality; no clear boundary; use names of body types (stick of butter, piece of cloth, pane of glass, bar of soap) ; introduce name of containers (cup of coffee, bag of flour, bottle of beer, glass of water)
Binomial Formula
Temporals
tensors
Class of words that denotes only intensity, tendency, duration, and sequence
linear thinking
line between material and metaphorical points
nonlinear thinking
No chronological sequence; no distinction between past, present, and future tenses
Time
English: time and objects are counted and talked about in the same way.
- time is treated like a physical quantity
- ten dogs, ten days
Temporals
English Temporals: pluralized and numerated like nouns of physical objects ( summer, winter, September, morning ,noon, sunset )
Hopi Temporals: Adverbs : expresses a relationship between places, times, qualities
- generalize time but all the conditions at the time
Counting
We only experience today, nine other days are injured from memory or imagination ; plurality and cardinal numbers apply to both real an imaginary things.
tenses
English Tenses: Past, Present, Future, Objectified (imagined like points on a line)
Hopi Tenses: Verb have no tenses.
EX: I am happy
I hope to be happy
I remember being happy
space
English Space: Objectified
- use spatial metaphors : short, great, stop, move sink,
- EX: “grasp argument”, “come to a point”
Hopi space: do not use space terms whether is no space involved
- Tensors : adverbs that talk about space
Analog Communication
Can be more than 1 interpretation. It’s ambitious to both parties. You can’t lie. an involuntary response
Paralinguistic Cues
nonverbal communication; support language
Critical theory of Lening Berry
if you don’t learn any verbal language by the age of 14, you can’t learn it anymore.
