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AUDE 5140 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how to find dB IL

A

dB IL = 10log (absolute / reference)

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2
Q

how to find dB SPL

A

dB SPL = 20log (absolute / reference

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3
Q

what is the reference for IL

A

10^-12

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4
Q

what is the reference for SPL

A

20

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5
Q

an increase of tenfold is represented by an increase of how many dB SPL

A

one tenfold = 20 dB increase

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6
Q

filter

A

how a system changes a sound
-device that changes a sound by attenuating and/or damping sounds
-how does it change as it goes through

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7
Q

process of a filter

A

initial input, inputs into filter, transfer function, and output is taking form of the input with the filter

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8
Q

examples of filters

A

microphones, headphones, and earplugs

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9
Q

transfer function

A

the function that a filter does

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10
Q

center frequency

A

the center point of a curve
-where the most energy is

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11
Q

upper cutoff frequency

A

point along the down curve that is 3dB below the peak
-on the right of the center frequency

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12
Q

lower cutoff frequency

A

point along the up curve that is 3dB below the peak
-on the left of the center frequency

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13
Q

bandwidth

A

the range between the upper and lower cutoff
-the wider this is, the stronger the sound will be

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14
Q

rejection rate (attenuation rate)

A

change of decibels per octave
-octave being a double of frequency

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15
Q

low-pass filter

A

allows the lows to pass through
-filters out the high frequencies
-will have an upper cutoff
-slopping down

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16
Q

high-pass filter

A

allows the highs to pass through
-filters out the low frequencies
-will have a lower cutoff
-slopping up

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17
Q

band-pass filter

A

filters on either side
-has a range
-upper and lower cutoff, rejection rate, and center frequency

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18
Q

constant percentage bandwidth filter

A

the bandwidth is a percentage of the center frequency
-a type of band pass filter

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19
Q

band-reject filter (notch filter)

A

passes almost all sound except a very brief range of sound that it does not allow through
-discrete or wider missing area
-constant level with a dip down

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20
Q

how to calculate the sound pressure level

A

SPL = Lps + 10logBW
-Lps : pressure spectrum level
-BW : bandwidth

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21
Q

overall sound pressure level (SPL) is

A

comprised of all the frequencies within a certain bandwidth

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22
Q

absolute sensitivity

A

lowest sound to just detect the presence of a stimulus

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23
Q

typical thresholds for human hearing

A

20 - 20,000 Hz
-below 20 Hz would not be perceived as a tone
-most sensitive from 1,000 to 5,000 Hz

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24
Q

minimum audible field vs. pressure

A

sound field vs. under headphones

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25
Q

dynamic range

A

the range between the softest audible sound and loudest tolerable sound
-threshold of hearing to threshold of discomfort, uncomfortable listening level and loudness discomfort level

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26
Q

typical dynamic range for human hearing

A

generally 90-120 dB SPL
-the difference is the dB number

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27
Q

threshold microstructure

A

these are the smaller frequencies in between marks
-we test discreet ranges and connect those dots

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28
Q

assumptions made when testing only at certain frequencies

A

we assume the threshold is whatever corresponds within the line between the two dots
-assumptions for it being a straight line

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29
Q

why are cochlear nonlinearities responsible for low auditory thresholds

A

outer hair cells within a typically functioning cochlear cause these low thresholds
-with a fully functional cochlear, these low thresholds occur

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30
Q

the cochlea is ….

A

tonotopic and nonlinear

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31
Q

tonotopic

A

each region along basilar membrane is sensitive to a certain frequency
-base of cochlea is high frequency
-apex (top) is low frequency

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32
Q

cochlear amplifier

A

how the various parts of the ear work together to amplify sound to the cochlea

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33
Q

what part of the cochlea is the cochlear amplifier

A

outer hair cells

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34
Q

linear input-output function

A

gain is the same at all points along the function
-input = output

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35
Q

what is gain

A

difference between the input and output

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36
Q

nonlinear (compressive) input-output function

A

gain differs at different points along the function
-input range does not equal output range

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37
Q

how to convert dB SPL to dB HL

A

dB SPL = dB HL + RETSPL

38
Q

how to convert dB HL to dB SPL

A

dB HL = dB SPL - RETSPL

39
Q

dB SL (sensation level)

A

a difference value between presentation level and the patients threshold
- presentation minus individual threshold = dB SL

40
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli
-the physical process

41
Q

perception

A

organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensation
-requires a response
-psychological process

42
Q

relationship between sensation and perception

A

sensation needs to occur for perception, but just because you have sensations it does not mean you will perceive it

43
Q

4 auditory skill levels

A

detection/awareness, discrimination, identification, and comprehension

44
Q

two categories of sensitivity

A

absolute and differential/relative sensitivity

45
Q

absolute sensitivity

A

least amount of something that can be detected
-detection or awareness
-absolute threshold, threshold of hearing or the threshold of audibility

46
Q

differential or relative sensitivity

A

least amount of change needed to detect a difference
-discrimination
-differential threshold, relative threshold, just noticeable difference (jnd), or difference limen

47
Q

what do we mean by threshold is a probability

A

the probability for a response changes as the stimulus increases but below the established threshold, there is still some probability of a response and above the established threshold, there is a probability for no response
-there is no single point below which there is always no response and above which there is always a yes response

48
Q

psychometric function

A

basis for all threshold measures
-y axis is the percentage of times they recognized the signal at the coordinating intensity
-above the threshold they responded more than 50% of the time
-plot based on responses at various stages

49
Q

how to find the threshold on a psychometric funtion

A

draw a line over from the 50% response on the y, and the coordinating dB level at that point of the line is the threshold

50
Q

what is the clinical percentage used for threshold

A

50%

51
Q

5 parameters for measuring thresholds

A

method of presentation, starting level, step size, stopping rule, and how the threshold is defined

52
Q

what is important for measuring threshold

A

-test validity : ensure to measure what we think we are measuring
-understand stimuli : present distortion and potential noise alongside with test stimuli
-distinguish between sensory capability and response bias

53
Q

factors that influence response

A

attention level, motivation, understanding of the task, responding to something else, internal criterion, error of habituation, and error of anticipation

54
Q

error of habituation

A

tendency to continue with previous response

55
Q

error of anticipation

A

tendency to respond before detection because presentation of stimulus is expected

56
Q

method of constant stimuli

A

stimuli is presented in random order
-pre determined, random order, with many presentations at each level

57
Q

method of limits

A

stimuli are presented at predetermined starting points
-ascending (start below estimated threshold and go up) and descending (start above estimated threshold and go down) runs
-stop when response is obtained and start a new run
-equal number of both runs!

58
Q

method of adjustment

A

stimulus is controlled by subject
-level change is continuous rather than in discrete steps
-move something until you hear a sound or turning a dial according to a sound

59
Q

adaptive procedure

A

subsequent presentations depend on subjects response
-staircase method : with every response go down, with no response go up
-bekesy’s tracking method : play an increasing sound with the patient pressing a button and they release it when they can no longer detect it

60
Q

direct scaling

A

subject is asked to establish a relationship between a standard stimulus and a comparison stimulus
-the relationship between two sounds

61
Q

4 types of direct scaling procedures

A

magnitude estimation : assigns values to other stimuli based on the reference value
magnitude production : matches the other stimuli to a number based around the reference
ratio estimation and production : patient is asked to describe the relationship between two sounds within a ratio
cross modality production : patient is asked to express the perceived magnitude for one sense in terms of another sense modality

62
Q

signal detection theory

A

psychoacoustic technique used to understand how decisions are made in ever-present uncertainty
-use for understanding how people respond to thresholds
-differentiate signal from noise

63
Q

outcome table aspects

A

hit : stimulus is present with a yes response
false alarm : stimulus is absent with a yes response
miss : stimulus is present with a no response
correct rejection : stimulus is absent with a no response

64
Q

internal criterion

A

something internally that triggers the response
-everyone will have these

65
Q

liberal criterion

A

more hits, fewer correct rejections
-more likely to say yes
-can shift by giving a louder sounds so they remember what to listen for or stopping if they are just pushing the button

66
Q

conservative criterion

A

fewer hits, more correct rejections
-more likely to say no
-can shift by indicating that you can tell that they are waiting for it to get loud before responding

67
Q

how can criterion be shifted

A

-reward true positives (hits) and correct rejections
-punish false positives and false negatives (misses)

68
Q

differential sensitivity

A

measurement of the just noticeable difference
-along a single dimension of a stimulus
-difference limen (DL), differential sensitivity

69
Q

absolute differential sensitivity

A

the difference between two sounds
-least amount of something

70
Q

relative differential sensitivity

A

found by taking the absolute difference divided by the values of the starting level

71
Q

weber’s law

A

states that the value of the relative difference is a constant regardless of the stimulus level
-as the size of the original stimulus increases, the jnd increases

72
Q

differential sensitivity for intensity and frequency depend on ______ and _________

A

presentation level and presentation frequency

73
Q

the cochlear is a complex and _________ system

A

nonlinear

74
Q

jnd for intensity

A

1 dB or better
-depends on presentation level

75
Q

jnd for frequency

A

approx. .5% of the frequency

76
Q

jnd for duration

A

as short as 2-3 msec

77
Q

loudness

A

the perception of intensity
-remember intensity is the physical magnitude of a sound
-low intensity is a soft sound
-high intensity is a loud sound

78
Q

equal loudness contours

A

using 1,000 Hz as a reference and will play various sounds and would match it as they go
-individual lines will be perceived as the same loudness at each point
-comprised of phon’s

79
Q

phon

A

relates loudness at other frequencies to loudness at 1,000 Hz
-a unit of loudness perception to the reference of 1,000 Hz

80
Q

how to find the phons given a presentation level (for a given frequency)

A

match the frequency to the presentation level and find the coordinating phon
-can be a phon level in between two of the main curves

81
Q

how to find the presentation level at a given phon (for a given frequency)

A

match the frequency and phon level and trace over to the presentation level

82
Q

sone scale

A

the relationship between loudness and intensity determined with direct ratio scaling

83
Q

phon scale vs. sone scale

A

phon : relates loudness at other frequencies to loudness at 1,000 Hz, no relationship among phons is implied
sone : loudness relationships at the same frequency changing by level, 2 sones twice as loud as one

84
Q

dB change for doubling of intesnity

A

+3dB

85
Q

dB change for doubling of pressure

A

+6 dB

86
Q

dB change for doubling of loudness perception

A

+10 dB

87
Q

how to draw the loudness growth function for typical hearing

A

bigger increase at the beginning then a steady increase near the end
-extends the whole length of our threshold

88
Q

how to draw the loudness growth for conductive hearing loss

A

same shape as normal hearing but there is a complete shift for the amount of HL there is

89
Q

how to draw the loudness growth for cochlear hearing loss

A

start at the level of HL and there is a rapid increase
-same ending spot as normal hearing

90
Q

recruitment

A

same term for classic model
-in relation to the rapid growth of loudness with a cochlear hearing loss

91
Q

what is the minimum presentation length of a pure tone to ensure valid testing

A

200 msec

AUDE 5140 (3 decks)

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