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Biology of Aging > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 classes of cells in cell division?

A

Mitotic cells, post-mitotic/differentiate cells, and stem cells

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2
Q

Mitotic cells

A

cells that divide all the time in your body

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3
Q

What are the 2 theories?

A

1) Programmed longevity of cells and 2) Accumulation of damaged biomolecules

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4
Q

Accumulation of damaged biomolecules

A

the idea that as cells divide there are random events that cause damage to biomolecules inside the cell

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5
Q

What is a problem with this theory?

A

senescence is a predetermined and precise number

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6
Q

Programmed longevity of cells

A

the idea that senescence is programmed inside and hardwired inside the genes of the cells

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7
Q

What’s at the end of the chromosomes?

A

telomeres

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8
Q

Telomeres

A

a repeat DNA sequence at the end of the chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of telomeres?

A

stabilizes the chromosomes and prevents the chromosomes from randomly fusing with one another

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10
Q

What happens after each successive cell division?

A

telomeres shorten

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11
Q

What happens when the telomeres are too short?

A
  • telomeres are no longer able to stabilize the chromosomes because they are short
  • chromosomes start to break off and fuse together causing the number of chromosomes to change and have a different chromosomal appearance
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12
Q

Molecular fidelity

A

the system that is restoring damage

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13
Q

What happens when over time cell damage accumulates?

A

cell can no longer divide, the cell cycle arrests, and undergoes senescence

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14
Q

What is the most common damage to biomolecules?

A

free radicals

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15
Q

Free radicals

A

chemical species that have an unpaired number of electrons

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16
Q

How do free radicals cause damage?

A

reacts with other molecules by either removing or adding electrons to it, creating more free radicals

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17
Q

What is one common free radical in a biological system?

A

superoxide radical (O2-)

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18
Q

What is the most common type of free radicals in a biological system?

A

ROS (reactive oxygen species)

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19
Q

ROS

A

oxygen-centered free radicals

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20
Q

Examples of ROS

A

superoxide radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH-), NO (nitric oxide)

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21
Q

What’s the common cause of free radicals?

A

redox reactions

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22
Q

Oxidation-reduction reaction

A

electrons are shuffled between chemical species

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23
Q

What are the safeguard (or protective) mechanisms to prevent these free radicals?

A

enzymes and scavengers

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24
Q

How do enzymes prevent free radicals?

A

neutralizes free radicals

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25
Q

How do scavengers prevent free radicals?

A

scavengers quench, sequester and prevent radicals from reacting with other things; scavengers DO NOT neutralize free radicals but isolate them

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26
Q

Examples of scavengers

A

vitamin E + vitamin C

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27
Q

Where are redox reactions commonly seen in?

A

ETC or cellular respiration pathway

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28
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

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29
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

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30
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

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30
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

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31
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

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32
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

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32
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

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32
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

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32
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

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32
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

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32
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

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32
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

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32
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

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33
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

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33
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

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34
Q

G1 phase

A
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35
Q

G2 phase

A
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36
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

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36
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

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36
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

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36
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

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36
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

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37
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

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37
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

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37
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

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38
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

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39
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

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40
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

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41
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

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42
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

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43
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

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44
Q

What if there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

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45
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

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46
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

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47
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

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48
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

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49
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

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50
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

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50
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

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51
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

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52
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

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52
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

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52
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

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52
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

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53
Q

S phase

A

this is where chromosomes duplicate and replicate

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53
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

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53
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

53
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

54
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

54
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

54
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

54
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

55
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

55
Q

What of there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

56
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

56
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

56
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

57
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

58
Q

What protein is involved in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

59
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

60
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

60
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

60
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

60
Q

S phase

A

this is where chromosomes duplicate and replicate

60
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

60
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

60
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

60
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

60
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

60
Q
A
60
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

60
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

60
Q

What of there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

60
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

60
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

60
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

60
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

60
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

61
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

61
Q
A
61
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

61
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

61
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

61
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

61
Q

What protein is involved in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

62
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

62
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

63
Q
A
63
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

63
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

63
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

63
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

63
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

63
Q

S phase

A

this is where chromosomes duplicate and replicate

63
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

63
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

63
Q

What of there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

63
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

63
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

63
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

63
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

63
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

63
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

63
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

63
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

64
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

64
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

64
Q

What protein is involved in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

64
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

65
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

65
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

65
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

66
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

66
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

66
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

66
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

66
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

66
Q

S phase

A

this is where chromosomes duplicate and replicate

66
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

66
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

66
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

66
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

66
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

67
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

67
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

67
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

67
Q

What of there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

67
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

67
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

67
Q

What protein is involved in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

67
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

67
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

68
Q
A
69
Q

Post-mitotic cells

A

cells that do not divide in the lifetime of the organism

69
Q

Stem cells

A

Slow division and can differentiate into other cell types (not identical –> one stem cell + one differentiated cell)

70
Q

What is the issue with somatic cells?

A

cannot pass on their genetic information or traits to their offspring

70
Q

These 3 cell types are what?

A

somatic cells

70
Q

Examples of post-mitotic cells

A

heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, and brain cells

70
Q

Examples of semi-miotic cells

A

liver cells, visual cells, and hair follicles

71
Q

S phase

A

this is where chromosomes duplicate and replicate

71
Q

What are the phases of cell division?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phase

71
Q

G2 phase

A

prepares itself for M phase

72
Q

G1 phase

A

this is where cells grow in size and get bigger

72
Q

M phase

A

mitosis + cytokinesis

72
Q

Mitosis

A

Sister chromatids (generated from S phase) line up in the center of the cell and get pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells, ready to be partitioned between two daughter cells to be shared

72
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the two cells physically seperate and you end up with 2 identical cells at the end (original cell + newly made cell); this is the last step of the M phase

73
Q

Where do cells reside when not dividing

A

G0 phase

73
Q

G0 phase

A

dormant phase where the cells are not dividing

74
Q

What is needed for cell division to be promoted?

A

mitogenic factors

74
Q

What of there are no mitogenic factors?

A

the cell will remain “quiescence” in the G0 phase

75
Q

Mitogenic factors

A

factors that induce cell cycle and cell proliferation

75
Q

Examples of mitogenic factors

A

proteins, hormones, growth hormones, or substances that promote cell division

76
Q

Each phase of the cell cycle has what?

A

cell cycle checkpoints

76
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

set of molecular machinery; quality control system to ensure that cell division is happening flawlessly

77
Q

What triggers the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

mutations, excess mitogenic factors, UV rays, toxins, or anything that stress the cell

77
Q

What protein is involved in the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

Biology of Aging (2 decks)

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