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soci 201 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

social stratification

A

hierarchical arrangement of individuals (based on wealth, power, prestige)

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2
Q

meritocracy

A

system based on achievement not status (Canada though we have limitations)

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3
Q

Gini coefficient

A

0= no inequality
1= absolute inequality

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4
Q

class system of stratification

A

social ranking based on economic position (capitalist)

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5
Q

slavery system of stratification

A

ownership of people, today is human trafficking

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6
Q

caste system of stratification

A

caste systems are based on division of labor, ascribed at birth, completely closed system

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7
Q

caste groups

A

brahmin= scholars and priests
kshatriya= warriors
vaisya= merchants and artists
sudra= service people
dalits= untouchables

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8
Q

clan system of stratification

A

individuals connected through bloodline networks, lifelong allegiance, each member share common status

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9
Q

social stratification and functionalism

A

davis moore hypothesis:
- societies require many different roles to be filled
- positions vary in social importance, education and training therefore determining varying rewards
doesnt account for non-occupational inequalities
occurs in all societies so it must serve a purpose

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10
Q

social stratification and conflict theory

A
  • who benefits from the social system
  • karl marx
  • max weber
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11
Q

karl marx and social stratification

A
  • inequalities in capitalism
  • false consciousness: believe if the proletariats work hard enough they’ll be part of the bourgeoisie
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12
Q

max weber and stratification

A
  • focused on wealth and status (can have one without the other)
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13
Q

social stratification and symbolic interaction

A

how class distinctions are maintained through social interaction
- conspicuous consumption
- thorsten veblen (purchasing expensive things to display wealth)

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14
Q

social stratification and feminists

A
  • gendered patterns of domination in the home and workplace
  • intersectional analysis
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15
Q

class in Canada- middle class

A

semi professionals (disappearing middle class)

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16
Q

absolute poverty

A

lack of basic necessities, life threatening

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17
Q

relative poverty

A

inadequate resources compared to average standard of living

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18
Q

low income cut off (LICO)

A
  • examines amount of income spent on necessities
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19
Q

market basket measure (MBM)

A
  • measures inflation
  • income required to meet household needs
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20
Q

low income measure (LIM)

A

low income = 1/2 of median income for household that size (how much less they have than other similar households)

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21
Q

poverty - women

A

single parents and unattached seniors

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22
Q

poverty - indigenous

A

25% less average income than non-indigenous people

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23
Q

poverty - immigrants and visible minorities

A

greater risk for lower income and wages and unemployment

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24
Q

poverty - disabled people

A

20% live on low income

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25
Q

blaming the victim

A

results from classism and holds individual responsible for their situation (ignores structural context)

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26
Q

blaming the system

A

considers structural factors of poverty

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27
Q

sex

A

XX and XY biological distinctions

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28
Q

gender

A

cultural beliefs and assumptions about biological sex
- femininity and masculinity

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29
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

culturally valued masculine traits, strong force, assertive

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30
Q

emphasized femininity

A

culturally valued feminine traits, attractiveness, nurturance, supportive of men

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31
Q

intersex

A

not easily categorized as male or female with indistinct or a combination of XX/XY

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32
Q

transgender

A

do not categorize themselves within normative categories of male or female (may alter body)

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33
Q

sexual orientation

A

identity relating to sexual attraction

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34
Q

asexual

A

do not experience sexual attraction

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35
Q

two spirit

A

indigenous umbrella term for people whos sexual, gender and/or spiritual identity has male and female components

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36
Q

families as an agent of gender socialization

A

gendered names, gifts, colors, clothes, household tasks, treatment by parents

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37
Q

education as an agent of gender socialization

A

gender differences are emphasized (washrooms, activities, changerooms, course focus)

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38
Q

media as agent for gender socialization

A

women are helpless or sexualized and incapable

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39
Q

ideology of gender

A

natural difference between men and women, justifies male privilege

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40
Q

toxic masculinity

A

men are socialized to be aggressive and non-emotional

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41
Q

patriarchy

A

social organizations where men hold power

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42
Q

gendered division of labor

A

women have lower paying and lower prestige jobs (helps maintain gender inequalities)
women earn 74% what men earn/year

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43
Q

pink ghetto

A

job segregation by gender

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44
Q

glass ceiling

A

invisible barrier preventing women from getting promotions

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45
Q

glass escalator

A

semi-invisible advantages for men

46
Q

second shift

A

household and family responsibilities of the woman after a workday

47
Q

gendered violence

A

women more likely to experience violence at the hand of their partner

48
Q

gender and functionalism

A
  • gender differences are natural and create cohesiveness
  • men have instrumental role (money)
  • women have expressive role (children and emotional support)
  • gender roles make society run smoothly (ignores inequalities)
49
Q

gender and conflict theory

A
  • gender differences as product of property relations and class system
  • industrial revolution forced women into role of homemakers
  • gender roles will change with elimination of capitalism
50
Q

gender and symbolic interaction

A
  • how we learn and embody gender (and reinforce)
  • agents of gender socialization
51
Q

gender and feminism

A
  • social constructs
  • matrix of domination: intersectionality of race, class, ability, gender in inequality
52
Q

family function

A

how a family takes care of its members, group survival (psychological and physical needs)

53
Q

family structure

A

roles and positions within a family

54
Q

kin group

A

related by blood or marriage

55
Q

nuclear family

A

parents and children (1 household usually)

56
Q

extended family

A

2+ generations living together

57
Q

bilateral descent pattern

A

both sides of the family are treated as equally important

58
Q

patrilineal descent pattern

A

inheritance and emotional ties to father’s side are prioritized

59
Q

matrilineal descent pattern

A

inheritance and emotional ties to mother’s side are prioritized

60
Q

egalitarian authority

A

equal power/responsibilty

61
Q

patriarchy authority

A

family decisions made by males

62
Q

matriarchy authority

A

women with greater power

63
Q

families and functionalism

A

ensure survival of individuals and society
- reproduction
- protection
- socialization
- sexual regulation
- affection/companionship
- social and economic status

64
Q

families and symbolic interaction

A

primary socialization aiding self development

65
Q

families and conflict theory

A
  • industrialization drastically changed family life
  • families are no longer self-sustaining
  • men went to work
  • passing on wealth and status
66
Q

families and feminists

A

unequal and gendered institutions
6 biases

67
Q

6 biases

A
  • monolithic: every family is the same
  • conservative: ignores family problems
  • ageist: young and old don’t contribute
  • sexist: ignoring gender inequalities
  • heterosexist: ignores same-sex families
  • racist: ignoring families different from dominant culture
68
Q

affinal mating

A

chosen relationships based on love

69
Q

endogamy

A

marrying within one’s social group

70
Q

exogamy

A

marrying outside one’s social group

71
Q

homogamy

A

marrying someone similar to you

72
Q

arranged marriage

A

kin group control’s marriage choices
(still most common in the world)

73
Q

authoritative parenting

A

lots of love and supervision (best outcomes for children)

74
Q

cohabitation

A

unmarried couple living together

75
Q

divorce

A

legal ending of a marriage
- women = long term consequence
- men = short term consequence

76
Q

single parent

A
  • 20% of canada
  • results from increasing divorce
  • higher economic problems
77
Q

blended familes

A
  • combine adults and kids from other relationships
  • 10% of canada
78
Q

same sex families

A
  • household duties are more equal
79
Q

work-life balance (women)

A

women carry higher burden of domestic labor and child and elder care

80
Q

family violence

A
  • women = serious violence
  • men = less serious violence
81
Q

ethnicity

A

shared set of cultural traits leading a sense of collective belonging

82
Q

race

A
  • not shared history, culture or genetics
  • shared physical characteristics and appearance
83
Q

minority groups

A
  • limited economic and social power in a society
  • BIPOC
84
Q

prejudice

A

negative, hostile social attitude towards members of another group

85
Q

stereotype

A
  • broadly believed ideas about a particular group that applies to all its members
86
Q

exception fallacy

A

once we are aware of stereotype, we are more likely to notice the reinforcing examples

87
Q

discrimination

A

actions carried out against a person because of their group membership

88
Q

racism

A

prejudice and discrimination plus power

89
Q

systemic racism

A

prejudice and discrimination supported by institutional structures

90
Q

white privilege

A

benefits to white people in a society (mostly invisible to those who possess them)

91
Q

othering

A

not one of us

92
Q

functionalism and race

A
  • ethnic differences will disappear from society because racism is dysfunctional
  • 4 dysfunctions of racism
93
Q

4 dysfunctions of racism

A
  • not maximizing societal ressources
  • aggravates social problems (poverty, crime)
  • too much time and money put towards barriers
  • negatively impacts global relationships
94
Q

symbolic interaction and race

A

contact hypothesis: more interracial contact lowers prejudice and racism

95
Q

conflict theory and race

A

exploitation theory: racism keeps minorities in low paying jobs (criticized for minimizing race issues into class issues)

96
Q

feminists and race

A

gender is not the only source of oppression (intersectionality)

97
Q

indigenous people

A

first nations, metis, inuit

98
Q

registered indian status

A

entitled to certain rights (gov’t determines who’s in the registry to control them)

99
Q

indigenous risks

A
  • more likely to live in poverty
  • less likely to get post secondary education
  • more likely to die of heart disease, stroke, diabetes
  • high suicide
  • high criminality
  • high mortality
100
Q

red river rebellion

A

creation of manitoba, metis leader louis riel

101
Q

oka crisis

A

contended sacred land to stop land development of golf courses and condos

102
Q

idle no more

A

protest bill C-45 which eliminated treaty rights

103
Q

residential schools

A

assimilate indigenous people

104
Q

charter groups

A

british or french descent (dominant group)
still the largest ethnic group

105
Q

chinese immigration

A
  • built transnational railway
  • once done, they were no longer welcome
  • chinese immigration act kept out all but a few
106
Q

black immigration

A
  • first brought in for slavery
  • ban black immigration was never enacted (1911)
107
Q

genocide

A

deliberate extermination of a large group of people
- when dominant group is much larger
- minority group has little economic value

108
Q

expulsion

A

forced removal of people or confinement to a particular location

109
Q

segregation

A

physical separation of groups in residence, schools, work etc

110
Q

assimilation

A

assuming traits of dominant group

111
Q

pluralism

A

minority groups maintain practices but dominant culture is also retained (promoting assimilation)

112
Q

multiculturalism

A

retention of distinct and separate ethnicities (respect for all)

soci 201 (3 decks)

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