midterm 2 Flashcards
What is language?
A set of symbols used to communicate
What is language production?
The structured and conventional expression of thoughts through words
ie how we communicate our ideas
What are phoneme and phonology (word/language)?
Phoneme: The smallest unit of language that convey sound
ex. The word tip has 3 phonemes t, i, p
Phonology: the study of how phonemes are used to produce language
What are morphemes (smallest convey)?
The smallest unit of a language that conveys meaning
ex. Jumped has 2 morphemes jump and ed since they both convey a meaning changing the tense of the word
What is syntax?
The system for using words (semantics) and word order to convey meaning (grammar)
ie how sentences are constructed
What is pragmatics?
The practical aspect of language usage, including speech pace, gesturing and body language
ex. Saul Goodman is very pragmatic
What is the prevocal learning stage for babies (parrot)?
Between 2-4 months of age, they can understand the phonemes
ie they can hear the general sounds of a word but don’t know what it means so they can say words back but not know what they’re saying kinda like a parrot
What is telegraphic speech (caveman)?
Speech that consists of minimal sentences, early toddlerhood first signs of sentence formation
ex “want cookie” “give cookie” caveman talk, basically during this stage babies are learning syntax!
What is a super-ordinate level category (bear)?
The broadest category something belongs in
ie when looking at a bear its super-ordinate level category would be mammal
During the telegraph speech stage babies are learning what?
Syntax of speech
ie learning how to convey their ideas through words
What is Brocas area? What is Brocas aphasia (syntax/speech)?
Broca’s area is a part of the brain that is important for speech production
ie talking
Borcas aphasia is a neurological condition that stems from damage to the brocas area, the patient cant produce coherent speech, it is a disorder of syntax
What is Wernickes area? What is Wernickes aphasia (understand)?
Werenickes area part of brain important for understanding and comprehending language
Wernickes aphasia is a neurological condition that stems from damage to the wernicke area, the patient cant understand language
What is metacognition (3rd person)?
Thinking about ones own thoughts,
ie what i do
What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?
The disorder associated with abnormal anxiety provoking thoughts that can lead to ritualistic behaviours
ie all pencils must be facing north on my desk at all times or i will fucking die idk
What is schizophrenia?
Disored characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality and sometimes auditory hallucinations
What is the linguistics relatively hypothesis (aqua color thinks water)?
Hypothesis suggests that the vocabulary available for objects or concepts influence how we think about them
ie language influences thought
What is confirmation bias (echo chamber)?
Tendency to look for information that meets our expectations
ie we take evidence consistent with our beliefs more seriously than those that dont
What is a representative heuristic (i hate romcoms)?
The assumption that things share the characteristics of the category they’re in
ie you may not want to watch lala land because its a romantic movie so you think its bad since you dont like romantic movies
What is bounded rationality (jimmy breaking the tape)?
The fact that in many situations our ability to make rational decisions is limited by things like lack of information, time constraints or emotions
What is the correct order of components of language from smallest to largest?
Phoneme (smallest sound) → morpheme (smallest meaning) → syntax (word order)
What is intelligence?
The ability to learn, meet the demands of the environment effectively, and to understand and control ones mental activities
What is Spearmans factor analysis (good at multiple things)?
a statistical method for determining whether certain items on a test correlate highly, forming a unified cluster.
Ie people who do well on vocabulary items also do well on other verbal items such as reading comprehension, all of these items together can be used to assess a persons reading skill
What is the G factor?
Part of Spearmans 2 factor theory, A general factor of intelligence underlying all distinct clusters of mental ability
ie people who do well in one area tend to do well in another area general intelligence
What is the S factor?
Specific factors related to a mental ability
ie reading ability or math comprehension both have S factors related to them someone can be good at writing but not a math this is specific intelligence it is effected by learning
What is Spearmans 2 factor theory of intelligence (G,S)?
In spearmans model the G factor represents a broad and deep capability that underlies all other S factors
ex sheldon cant drive a car or make friends but speaks multiple languages plays multiple instruments is a theoretical physicist he has a high G factor
What is Thurstones primary mental abilites theory of intelligence (7 basic components)?
Thursone argued that intelligence is made up of 7 distinct mental abilities, the basic components of intelligence
What are the 7 mental abilities identified by thurstone? (V)olks(W)agen (N)ot (S)uper (P)roud of (R)acist (M)an
(think reading, speech, math, surroundings, memory, reasoning, perceptual)
Verbal comprehension (reading/vocabulary)
Word fluency (speech)
Numerical skill (math)
Spatial ability (perception of surroundings)
Perceptual speed (quickness in perceiving visual details)
Reasoning (skill in reasoning tasks)
Memory (associative memory)
What is Gardeners theory of multiple intelligences (sections of brain)?
Theory that there isnt a single unified intelligence but instead several independent intelligences arising form different portions of the brain
ie one gifted with art and drawing but shit at math is because the portion of the brain that deals with creativity is excelling
What is Cecis Biocological theory of intelligence? (poten, envior, intern)
Ceci theory that intelligence based on the interacting of
potential abilities,
environment
internal motivation
What is Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence (I,E,E)?
Intelligence is made up of 3 interacting components
Internal (aquiring info ie school),
external (creative)
experimental (practical skills/problem solving)
What is reliability of a test (consistent)?
The degree to which a test produces the same score over time, when it consistently produces similar scores for the same test-takers over time
ie if i take an IQ test 5 times and each time my IQ is -4 then its reliable
What is validity of a test (accurate)?
The extent to which a test accurately measures or predicts what its supposed to measure
ie you have a broken scale that adds 5 pounds, but weigh yourself multiple times but get the same result, it would be reliable since results the same but have low validity because it isnt accurate
What is content validity (shit exams)?
The degree to which the content of a test represents what its supposed to measure
ie when a final doesnt cover things your told to study it has low content validity
What is standardization?
The use of uniform procedures in administering and a scoring test
ie if multiple people take the same uniformed IQ test the results are meaningful and can be compared this means the test has been standardized
What is the normal distribution of a test and what are median, mean, and mode (bell curve)?
Normal distribution: is a bell curved shape in which most scores normal scores are in the middle (median) with smaller groups of equal size at either end
Mean is the average score
ie if one person gets a 100 and another gets 0 the mean is 50% even though neither got a 50%
Mode is the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution
ie where the bell curve sits, ie on a final most people got a 68% so thats the mode
What is Intelligence quotient (IQ)?
Termans measure of intelligence the ratio of a childs mental age to her chronological age multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal
ex. a handicapped kid could have a chronological/actual age of 15 but have a mental age of a 8 year old
What is the Flynn effect?
An observed rise in average IQ scores over the years across the world, can be attributed to advancements in learning
What is emotional intelligence?
An individuals ability to perceive, express, assimilate and regulate emotion related to social intelligence
What is heritability?
The amount of a given trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors, Heritability estimates may be inaccurate in that it mistakenly assumes that genes act in isolation
According to frueds 3 central forces in personality what are ego, super ego and ID?
Ego (rational thought) is the personality element that works to help satisfy the drives of the ID
Super ego (moral limits) is the element that determines which impulses are acceptable to express, it develops as we observe and interalize the behaviours of others in our culture
ID (instinctual drives) drives such as eating sleeping sex etc
What is a situation in which freuds 3 central forces in personality are at work (cake)?
The ID has a basic desire to eat and wants you to eat a shit ton of cake –>
if the ego rationalizes this and gives in to the id’s demands –>
the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt since the cake is bad for you and your trying to lose weight.
What is repression (unconscious)?
The most basic defense mechanism by which keeping unpleasant memories buried deep in the unconscious mind
What is denial (memory)?
The process of refusing to recognize your own impact on an existing negative situation, a defense mechanism
ie it cant be my fault that my life is shit i blame the government!
What are some critisims of Freuds theories (sample selection)?
His observations he used for his theories were based on a very small and select population of upper middle class people from Vienna raising questions about its cross-cultural validity
that they were were based on narrow views of sexuality and parenting norms
What is Jungs analytical psychology (personal, collective)?
Differing from psychoanalytic theories emphasis on sexuality and aggression,
Jung’s theorised the unconscious mind has 2 parts the personal unconscious and collective unconscious.
The unconscious mind also includes drives towards joy, creativity and internal harmony
What is anima/us (gender)
animus as the unconscious masculine side of a woman,
anima as the unconscious feminine side of a man,
counterparts of gender identity
What is personna (masks)?
the “mask” (role) you are in (social), how we outwardly show ourselves in society
ie i may be super happy with friends or strangers but not by myself or with close family
What is Shadow?
the unconscious part of our character or personality that does not align with the ideal version of what we’re aiming for
ie i may want to be a zen peacful guy but i sometimes have fits of angry or intense rage, thats my shadow
What is the Five factor Model?
An empirically derived trait model that proposes 5 major trait categories, you can either be high or low in these traits
ex. Someone who is introverted would be low in extroversion and openness
What are the 5 categories in the 5 factor model? (ocean)
Openness (how curious/imaginative we are)
Conscientiousness (how organized,lazy,diciplined we are)
Extroversion (how sociable, reserved, affectionate we are)
Agreeableness (how trusting, ruthless, helpful we are)
Neuroticism (how insecure, emotional, calm we are)
What is a projective test? (skyfall)
A personality assessment by presenting a person an ambiguous stimulus and asking them to interpret it
ex. rorschach test or the skyfall word association scene
What is socially desirable responding? (Schrodinger’s asshole)
Tailoring answers on personality inventories to try and create a good impression choosing what you think the tester would consider the socially correct awnser
ex. Someone says something races or offensive and the states if they were joking or not based on peoples reaction
What is situationism? (that scene from atlanta at the nandos)
A view of personality that in social situations people respond in similar ways meaning the situation drives the response rather than their personality , how we select our actions and enviorments
ex. White People get super outraged online over racism because they want to be scene by everyone as an ally even though they probably dont give a shit
What is self-efficacy (personal beliefs, goal achieving)?
people’s personal beliefs about their ability to achieve the goals they pursue. The higher your self-efficacy, the more likely you are to pursue a goal and, ultimately, to be reinforced by the outcome of your efforts
ie how much we put in the work for what we want and when we get it we believe it more
What is phrenology (LAY YOUR HANDS FLAT ON THAT TURTLE SHELL TABLE TOP!)
A method of assessing a persons mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the persons skull
very racist used by slave owners and nazis to justify being wank stains
What is social role theory? (boy scouts/girl scouts)
Theory that gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviours based on gender role expectations
What are Eysnecks superfactors (3 factors, 3 primary colors)?
A fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits there are 3 main personality traits extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
similar to the 3 primary colors theses traits can be used to account for all possible traits
