Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are barriers to physical activity?
Ecological factors, convenience, lack of time, boredom or lack of enjoyment
True/false; everyone requires motivation to engage in PA
True
What are the 3 primary elements of motivation?
Direction of effort, intensity of effort, and persistence of effort
What is the difference between a theory and a model?
A theory organizes information in a way such that it can be used to predict phenomena, whereas a model merely represents or describes phenomena; it cannot explain roots or predict
What can theories and models do?
Help us explain/understand, predict, and provide direction
Which theories/models of motivation are more sports-centric?
Achievement Goal Theory, Theory of Competence Motivation, Sport Commitment Model
What are the 5 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
What 3 factors influence stage progression in TTM?
Self-efficacy (belief in one’s capabilities to execute a task)
Decisional balance (perceived advantages/disadvantages)
Process of change (strategies used to progress through stages)
What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) say?
Personal and social factors influence intentions, which in turn influence sport and behaviour
What 3 factors influence intentions in TPB?
Attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control (which also has indirect relationship with behaviour)
What does the Social Cognitive Theory say?
There are 3 key factors that influence each other: personal factors, behavioural (effort, persistence, choice) and environmental factors
What 4 personal and behavioural factors that collectively influence self-efficacy beliefs in Social Cognitive Theory?
Mastery experiences, modelling, verbal persuasion, physiological & affective states
How can we use social cognitive theory in practice?
We can employ coaches and sport psych consultants in an effort to surround oneself with the ‘right’ people and develop strategies to push past difficult psychological and emotional states.
Health promoters and exercise counselors can help clients consider how they define ‘mastery’ and optimal social support
What is organismic integration theory?
A component of Self Determination Theory, which says that motivation is a multidimensional construct ranging from autonomous (most self-determined) to controlling (least self-determined)
What is basic needs theory?
A component of self determination theory that describes motivation as being determined by how well the situation meets the athlete’s needs
What are the athlete’s needs in basic needs theory?
Autonomy, competence, relatedness
What is the difference between integrated and identified regulation?
Integrated regulation consists of actions driven by beliefs about oneself/identity, whereas identified regulation concerns actions driven by personal importance or values
What are the three types of intrinsic regulation?
Actions driven by inherent interest in knowing, accomplishing, and experiencing stimulation (most self-determined)
If non-scholarship students are encountered with the possibility of obtain scholarship, what happens to their motivation?
They end up with increased external regulation, decreased intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation and accomplish
Two disposition-oriented dimensions based on an individual’s definitions of competence, success, and failure define which theory of motivation?
Achievement Goal Theory
What do task goal orientation and ego goal orientation refer to?
Task > mastery
Goal > performance
Those with an ego goal orientation are more likely to be ______ motivated (self determination theory)
Extrinsically motivated
How do we promote a task-oriented climate?
TARGET
T = Tasks (variety and diversity stimulates learning)
A = Autonomy
R = Recognition (of effort and self-improvement)
G = Grouping
E = Evaluation (self reference performance)
T = Timing (optimal timing of challenge and success)
Children are innately motivated to be competent in all areas of achievement that they value and feel they have control over. Competence motivation ultimately determines whether another mastery attempt is made; which theory of motivation does this refer to?
Theory of Competence Motivation
What feeds into competence motivation?
Mastery attempts (sport choices, intensity, persistence) creates feedback from significant others and self-evaluation, which in turn feeds into emotions and perceived competence/control/value. Emotions and perceived competence then feed into competence motivation.
What are the 2 psychological states representing the desire or resolve to continue sport in the Sport Commitment Model?
Functional & obligatory commitment
What aspects of sport commitment have a positive direct relationship with functional commitment?
Sport enjoyment, valuable opportunities, drive to excel
What aspects of sport commitment have a negative relationship with functional commitment?
Other priorities
What aspects of sport commitment have a negative relationship with obligatory commitment?
Sport enjoyment, valuable opportunities
What aspects of sport commitment have a positive relationship with obligatory commitment?
Other priorities, social constraints, personal investments
What 3 sub-disciplines of psychology does exercise psychology consist of?
Health, rehabilitation, and sport psychology
What is the primary goal of professionals in applied sport and exercise psychology?
To facilitate optimal involvement, performance, and enjoyment in sport and exercise
What do sport psychology consultants do in relation to optimal performance?
Regulate arousal, stress, and emotions
Help athletes learn performance enhancement techniques (e.g., imagery, self-talk)
Mentally plan for training and competitions
What ‘crises’ can sport psychology consultants navigate?
Moving out of slumps/barriers, injury rehabilitation, making a positive transition out of sport
What are 4 things that sport psychology consultants can assist with?
Optimal performance, enhance learning/growth, enhance communication, and navigate ‘crisis’
What are the 4 main characteristics of anxiety?
Elicited following an appraisal, observed through discrete facial expression, has a distinct physiology, and associated with a unique set of behaviours
What are the 3 main symptoms of anxiety?
Restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability
What is the difference between state and trait anxiety?
State refers to a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension, doom, and threat, whereas trait refers to a general predisposition to respond with apprehension and nervousness across many situations
Which component of anxiety is characterized by physiological arousal?
Somatic anxiety
What are the 3 dimensions of anxiety response?
Intensity of symptoms, frequency of cognitive intrusions, directional interpretation of symptoms (positive vs. negative)
What 4 factors influence anxiety?
Age and experience, competence and self-efficacy, arousal-regulation strategies, and temporal patterning (of cognitive & somatic anxiety)
What are 2 of the early explanations for anxiety/arousal and performance?
Drive Theory and Inverted-U Hypothesis
What does the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory depict?
3 dimensions are depicted in a 2 dimensional figure; performance and somatic + cognitive anxiety
Cognitive = direct negative relationship with performance
Somatic = inverted-U relationship with performance
What are the optimal conditions of anxiety according to the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory?
Low cognitive anxiety and moderate somatic anxiety
Which theory suggests that each individual athlete has a zone of optimal anxiety?
Zones of Optimal Functioning
According to the Catastrophe Theory, when there’s low cognitive anxiety, optimal performance occurs with which level of arousal?
Moderate arousal
When does the ‘catastrophe’ occur according to Catastrophe Theory?
When there’s high cognitive anxiety; optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal, but if arousal goes past the point of the ‘recovery path’ there’s a catastrophic drop in performance
What test measures anxiety and arousal in relation to sport?
Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT)
What does a broader concept of performance include?
Sport performance in practice and competitions, sport injury prevention, rehabilitation, and return to participation
True/false; 50% of studies support a relationship between competitive state anxiety and musculoskeletal sport injury
False; 66% of studies support a relationship between competitive trait anxiety and musculoskeletal sport injury
What does arousal describe?
The state of physiological and psychological activation in a person, varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement
What should athletes do in relation to arousal regulation?
Athletes should identify their optimal levels of arousal in practice and competition settings, and use that to learn how to effectively regulate physiological, mental, and emotional states to achieve these optimal levels
What are 5 approaches to regulating arousal that will be on this midterm?
Breathing exercises, progressive relaxation, performance routines, attentional cues, and self-talk
How does deep breathing decrease arousal?
Deep breathing increases oxygen to the body and facilitates the elimination of carbon dioxide
What is the inhale to exhale ratio in deep breathing?
1:2
True/false; in shallow breathing you exhale slower than you inhale
False; it’s a 2:1 inhale-exhale ration, i.e., you inhale slowly and exhale quickly
What is the key principle of progressive relaxation?
That tension and relaxation are mutually exclusive; so it aims to tense and relax each part of your body bit by bit to induce both a physiological and psychological relaxation
What are performance routines?
They are sequenced actions and thoughts before performance
What are the 2 types of performance routines?
Pre-competition plans (eating, prepping, packing, resting, training) - 24 hours before performance
Competition plans - performance execution from start to finish, and segments or episodes within a performance
Triggers that direct attention are referred to as?
Attentional cues
What are the 3 types of attentional cues?
Visual, physical, and verbal (form of self-talk)
What are the 2 functions of self-talk/verbalizations?
Instruction and motivation
True/false; self-talk is primarily classified as either positive or negative
False; it’s multidimensional and dynamic in nature, and can also be overt or covert, etc.
What are the 4 components of self-talk?
Addressed to the self, serve at least two functions, multidimensional and dynamic in nature, and have interpretive elements associated with the contents of the self-statements
What does the instructional function of self-talk refer to?
Skill acquisition, skill execution, and strategy development
What did Landin & Herbert find in their study of varsity tennis players?
The instructional function of self-talk, employing keywords like ‘split’ and ‘turn’, result in an immediate change in movement patterns and hitting accuracy. Keywords prompted focus towards appropriate movement, which also increased confidence
What are the 3 types of motivational function of self-talk?
Mastery to increase confidence and cope in a difficult situation
Arousal: relaxation and psyching up
Drive: increasing effort
When should you develop cues to your optimal responses to ‘what-if’ situations?
Weeks before the performrance
What are the 4 tips for self-talk?
Brief, phonetically simple, easy to remember, and compatible with rhythm and timing of task
What is considered flourishing?
The presence of mental health; being filled with positive emotion, and functioning well psychologically and socially
What is mental health?
A state of well-being in which individuals can realize their own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make contributions to the community
Identify mental health and mental illness on spectrum (low to high) for:
Floundering/complete mental illness
Low mental health, high mental illness
Identify mental health and mental illness on spectrum (low to high) for:
Languishing/incomplete mental health
Low mental health, low mental illness
Identify mental health and mental illness on spectrum (low to high) for:
Struggling/Incomplete mental illness
High mental health, high mental illness
How do we build a foundation for flourishing pre-season?
Making positive connections and planning
How do we maintain flourishing in-season?
Manage commitments, communicate with coaches, looking for positives
How do we re-invest in flourishing post-season?
Reflect on season and take breaks from sport
