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SOCI 325 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the demonic explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

A

explanation: tale of Sodom, witches, possession, temptation

Punishment: severe public spectacle, arbitrary, reborn/confession?

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2
Q

what is the classical explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

A

explanation: rational choice

punishment: fit the crime, forced relations?

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3
Q

what is the pathological explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

A

explanation: biological, evident in lower-evolved creatures

punishment: surgery, drugs, counseling

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4
Q

what are 4 problems with Pathological theory?

A
  1. empirical research flawed
  2. measurements sloppy
  3. statistical techniques not yet refined
  4. many stigmas were just social (ex. tattooing)
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5
Q

what did Dugdale find from his study of Crime, Pauperism, and Heredity?

A

crime and poverty were inherited, genetics must have an impact upon deviance

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6
Q

Goddard and the Kallikaks

A

Martin K. had an affair w a barmaid and had a kid, he left the mom and kid, married another woman and had a family

  • barmaid side of fam had many deviants while good womans side had only conformity –> genetics must have something to do w it
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7
Q

define Id, Superego, and Ego

A

Id: primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

Superego: inculcation of societal norms, moral conscience

Ego: realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego

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8
Q

an overly strong ? may lead to a life of crime according to Freud

A

id

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9
Q

which approach often practices political repression?

A

pathology (expand on this)

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10
Q

who questioned whether brain chemistry played a part in political or religious beliefs?

A

Tuner and Edgley

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11
Q

lower SES highly related to ?

A

schizophrenia

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12
Q

what theory is the application of the scientific method to the study of the human condition?

A

positivism

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13
Q

who is recognized as the best-known early practitioner of biological positivism?

A

Lombrosso

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14
Q

Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?

A

human behaviour can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality

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15
Q

Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?

A

human behavior can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality

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16
Q

what theory suggests morality is a human construct and it requires many ppl to be moral or immoral?

A

functionalism

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17
Q

what time period did functionalism have intellectual dominance?

A

1930s, 40s, 50s

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18
Q

what do sociological criminologists look at?

A

trying to answer questions by examining group characteristics—social class, gender, age, culture—rather than individual distinctiveness.

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19
Q

The division of labour is indicative of?

A

the existence of a social contract to which people agree

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20
Q

anomie (in relation to division of labour) is a direct result of?

A

transition from mechanical to organic solidarity

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21
Q

who stated it is man’s nature to be eternally dissatisfied?

A

Durkheim

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22
Q

who said “economic regulation is not enough…there
should be moral regulation” ?

A

Durkheim

23
Q

who thought: anomie –> class conflict

who thought: class conflict –> anomie

A

Durheim: anomie –> class conflict

Marx: class conflict –> anomie

24
Q

anomic suicide?

A

not enough regulation

25
Q

altruistic suicide

A

too much integration

26
Q

egoistic suicide

A

not enough integration

27
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

too much regulation

28
Q

war heros or terrorists fall under what kind of suicide?

A

altruistic

29
Q

First Nations ppls being more likely to committ suicide falls under which suicide def?

A

anomic (not enough regulation)

30
Q

school shooters fall under what def of suicide?

A

egoistic (not enough integration)

31
Q

whose strain theory defined strain more broadly, including stress, anxiety, etc into their def?

A

Agnew

32
Q

what are the 3 types of strain according to Agnew (general strain theory)?

A
  1. inability to achieve (+) valued goals
  2. removal or threat of removal of (+) valued stimuli (losing loved one)
  3. to present a threat to 1 with noxious or (-) valued stimuli (aggression, violence)
33
Q

who believed rapid social change produced deviant behaviour because people were relatively unregulated?

A

Durkheim

34
Q

who suggested strain is gendered?

A

Agnew (general strain theory)

35
Q

who thought strain is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals?

A

Merton (strain theory)

36
Q

how many countries still use the death penalty?

A

55

37
Q

who was the inventor of lethal injection?

A

Dr. Chapman

38
Q

what were Durk’s 4 functions of crime?

A
  1. its sets boundaries (of acceptable behaviour for citizens)
  2. enhances group solidarity
  3. maintains innovative functions
  4. reduces tensions (when criminals are convicted/punished)
39
Q

what are some problems with functionalism?

A
  • false teleology
  • tautology
  • no theory of crime/deviance, doesn’t talk abt punishments
  • non-disprovable
  • is it beneficial?
40
Q

what is false teleology?

A

the explanation of something by the purpose they serve rather than by “real” causes

(the reason things exist is cuz they have a function/purpose)

41
Q

what is tautology?

A

circular reasoning, because something exists it must be functional

42
Q

who thought crime was offensive to the way ppl have set up society and its norms/division of labour/rules?

A

Durk

43
Q

who argued prostitution would never go away as it serves purpose in society?

A

DAVIS

44
Q

who found that crime was not randomly distributed in a city, but rather concentrated in a “zone of transition” and decreases as you get farther from city center?

A

Park and Burgess

45
Q

who is the most common deviator (Merton)?

A

innovator

46
Q

who has neither the belief in societal goals or the means to achieve them?

A

retreatists

47
Q

ritualism

A

ability/means to achieve goals but doesn’t believe in them/desire them (ex. rich kid)

48
Q

what is the main predictor of crime according to Merton?

A

low SES (connected to innovator)

49
Q

social disorganization is similar to?

A

strain theory

50
Q

what were stark’s 4 most important findings/statements?

A
  1. the greater the density of a neighborhood, the more involvement in crime
  2. increased density = higher level of moral cynicism
  3. crowded homes = less supervision for kids
  4. dense, mixed-use, transient neighbourhoods will be dilapidated - a social stigma
51
Q

according to Stark, which neighborhoods will face more lenient law enforcement?

A

stigmatized

52
Q

stark used what theory?

A

ecological theory

53
Q

what are the 3 problems with Stark’s ecological theory?

A
  1. how do we measure (operationalize) a disorganized space?
  2. not been tested rigorously
  3. corporate crime in the CBD (city center) has not been included

SOCI 325 (3 decks)

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