midterm 2 Flashcards
what is the demonic explanation and punishment for homosexuality?
explanation: tale of Sodom, witches, possession, temptation
Punishment: severe public spectacle, arbitrary, reborn/confession?
what is the classical explanation and punishment for homosexuality?
explanation: rational choice
punishment: fit the crime, forced relations?
what is the pathological explanation and punishment for homosexuality?
explanation: biological, evident in lower-evolved creatures
punishment: surgery, drugs, counseling
what are 4 problems with Pathological theory?
- empirical research flawed
- measurements sloppy
- statistical techniques not yet refined
- many stigmas were just social (ex. tattooing)
what did Dugdale find from his study of Crime, Pauperism, and Heredity?
crime and poverty were inherited, genetics must have an impact upon deviance
Goddard and the Kallikaks
Martin K. had an affair w a barmaid and had a kid, he left the mom and kid, married another woman and had a family
- barmaid side of fam had many deviants while good womans side had only conformity –> genetics must have something to do w it
define Id, Superego, and Ego
Id: primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories
Superego: inculcation of societal norms, moral conscience
Ego: realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego
an overly strong ? may lead to a life of crime according to Freud
id
which approach often practices political repression?
pathology (expand on this)
who questioned whether brain chemistry played a part in political or religious beliefs?
Tuner and Edgley
lower SES highly related to ?
schizophrenia
what theory is the application of the scientific method to the study of the human condition?
positivism
who is recognized as the best-known early practitioner of biological positivism?
Lombrosso
Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?
human behaviour can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality
Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?
human behavior can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality
what theory suggests morality is a human construct and it requires many ppl to be moral or immoral?
functionalism
what time period did functionalism have intellectual dominance?
1930s, 40s, 50s
what do sociological criminologists look at?
trying to answer questions by examining group characteristics—social class, gender, age, culture—rather than individual distinctiveness.
The division of labour is indicative of?
the existence of a social contract to which people agree
anomie (in relation to division of labour) is a direct result of?
transition from mechanical to organic solidarity
who stated it is man’s nature to be eternally dissatisfied?
Durkheim
who said “economic regulation is not enough…there
should be moral regulation” ?
Durkheim
who thought: anomie –> class conflict
who thought: class conflict –> anomie
Durheim: anomie –> class conflict
Marx: class conflict –> anomie
anomic suicide?
not enough regulation
altruistic suicide
too much integration
egoistic suicide
not enough integration
fatalistic suicide
too much regulation
war heros or terrorists fall under what kind of suicide?
altruistic
First Nations ppls being more likely to committ suicide falls under which suicide def?
anomic (not enough regulation)
school shooters fall under what def of suicide?
egoistic (not enough integration)
whose strain theory defined strain more broadly, including stress, anxiety, etc into their def?
Agnew
what are the 3 types of strain according to Agnew (general strain theory)?
- inability to achieve (+) valued goals
- removal or threat of removal of (+) valued stimuli (losing loved one)
- to present a threat to 1 with noxious or (-) valued stimuli (aggression, violence)
who believed rapid social change produced deviant behaviour because people were relatively unregulated?
Durkheim
who suggested strain is gendered?
Agnew (general strain theory)
who thought strain is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals?
Merton (strain theory)
how many countries still use the death penalty?
55
who was the inventor of lethal injection?
Dr. Chapman
what were Durk’s 4 functions of crime?
- its sets boundaries (of acceptable behaviour for citizens)
- enhances group solidarity
- maintains innovative functions
- reduces tensions (when criminals are convicted/punished)
what are some problems with functionalism?
- false teleology
- tautology
- no theory of crime/deviance, doesn’t talk abt punishments
- non-disprovable
- is it beneficial?
what is false teleology?
the explanation of something by the purpose they serve rather than by “real” causes
(the reason things exist is cuz they have a function/purpose)
what is tautology?
circular reasoning, because something exists it must be functional
who thought crime was offensive to the way ppl have set up society and its norms/division of labour/rules?
Durk
who argued prostitution would never go away as it serves purpose in society?
DAVIS
who found that crime was not randomly distributed in a city, but rather concentrated in a “zone of transition” and decreases as you get farther from city center?
Park and Burgess
who is the most common deviator (Merton)?
innovator
who has neither the belief in societal goals or the means to achieve them?
retreatists
ritualism
ability/means to achieve goals but doesn’t believe in them/desire them (ex. rich kid)
what is the main predictor of crime according to Merton?
low SES (connected to innovator)
social disorganization is similar to?
strain theory
what were stark’s 4 most important findings/statements?
- the greater the density of a neighborhood, the more involvement in crime
- increased density = higher level of moral cynicism
- crowded homes = less supervision for kids
- dense, mixed-use, transient neighbourhoods will be dilapidated - a social stigma
according to Stark, which neighborhoods will face more lenient law enforcement?
stigmatized
stark used what theory?
ecological theory
what are the 3 problems with Stark’s ecological theory?
- how do we measure (operationalize) a disorganized space?
- not been tested rigorously
- corporate crime in the CBD (city center) has not been included
