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SOCI 325 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main definition of deviance used in class? who is associated with it?

A

violation of a social norm WITH a controlling reaction, Pfohl (1996)

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2
Q

deviance is just a label, deviant acts are in the eye of the beholder. >50% of academics follow this approach

A

constructionist approach to deviance

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3
Q

who believes in a more scientific, causal approach to deviance?

A

positivists

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4
Q

True or False? Doing drugs is not considered deviant when undetected

A

?

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5
Q

our modern understanding of law is based in ?

A

classical theory

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6
Q

who defines crime as the use of force and fraud?

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)

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7
Q

Downes and Rock (2003) intentionally avoided a precise definition of?

A

didn’t define crime, they do refer to banned or controlled behavior that is likely to attract punishment/disapproval

they think confusion and diversity around what is deviant should be embraced and not seen as a failure

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8
Q

conformity

A

adherence to norms

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9
Q

non-conformity

A

normative violation, NO reaction

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10
Q

deviance

A

normative violation WITH a reaction (controlling mechanism)

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11
Q

crime

A

violation of law

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12
Q

hockey fight is?

A

conformity

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13
Q

female with a mustache is?

A

deviant

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14
Q

sex for money is?

A

deviant

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15
Q

closeted homosexual is?

A

non-conformity

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16
Q

few observing and controlling the many is?

A

panopticism

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17
Q

the many observing and following the few

A

synopticism

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18
Q

who said there is no such thing as deviance anymore?

A

Blackshaw and Crabbe (2004)

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19
Q

epistemology

A

ideas abt how best to study society

large scale method to study society ( ex: unbiased, scientific approach)

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20
Q

ontology

A

what is the nature of social reality

what you personally believe constitutes significant data

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21
Q

who did Cesare Lombroso (1911) study and what did he state?

A

studied inmate populations, said they were biologically inferior to non-criminals. searched for the causes of crime by examining pathology and personality defects (psychology)

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22
Q

who thinks crime is based on a social consensus? what does that mean

A

those who break the law do so because they lack self control, crime and crime control are objective phenomena

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)

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23
Q

canada’s legal system is modelled on ?

A

objectivist-legalist approach

24
Q

administrative law

A

public law, governs relationships btw individuals and the state (EI, labour relations, landlord and tenant relations, etc)

violations usually result in penalties or fines

25
Q

civil law

A
  • public law, btw individuals, (property disputes, wills, contracts)
26
Q

criminal law

A

purpose is to “punish certain acts that have been declared to be threats to the established social order”

27
Q

what are the 3 categories of criminal law?

A
  1. crimes against the person
  2. property crime
  3. other offences (like victimless crimes like using drugs)
28
Q

mens rea

A

evil mind

29
Q

actus reus

A

evil act

30
Q

what ppl are not considered able to form mens rea?

A

kids under 12 and the “insane”

31
Q

offence types in Canada fall into two main categories:

A

summary and indictable offences

32
Q

offence types in US fall into two main categories:

A

felonies or misdemeanours

33
Q

difference btw summary and indictable

A

summary offences are tried before a provincial court judge

those accused in indictable offences are given 3 choices: a judge hears the case in provincial court; a judge and jury hear the case in a superior court; or a judge alone hears the case in a superior court.

34
Q

how many criminal cases are decided based on plea bargaining?

A

abt 90%

35
Q

what group questions whether things regarded as deviant by the law has been arrived at by universal agreement or social consensus?

A

critical criminologists such as Howard Becker

36
Q

why are the terms crime and deviance problematic?

A

“crime” is too narrow

“deviance” is too broad

37
Q

who perceives deviance as liberating acts of rebellion against capitalism?

A

Marxists

38
Q

who perceives institutional restraint as vital to social harmony?

A

functionalists and control theorists

39
Q

?? focus on the processes through which social problems, such as crime, are defined and responded to. To this end, crime is not to be understood as an objective condition but rather as a function of the claims made by individuals or groups who seek to turn a set of conditions into a social problem

A

social constructionists

40
Q

what are the 4 elements of causality?

A
  • variables should covary
  • temporal sequence
  • nonspurious
  • research is theoretically based
41
Q

what are the 4 requirements for quality theory and research?

A
  • causality
  • reliability
  • valid
  • representative
42
Q

reliable looks like what on a dart board?

A

points close together (accuracy)

43
Q

valid on a dart board looks like?

A

bulls eye

44
Q

out of all the 2.5 mill crimes reported to police per year (CUCR), how many are violent?

A

abt 12%

45
Q

if a survey was delivered to all canadians it would be considered?

A

cross sectional

46
Q

lex talionis

A

an eye for an eye

47
Q

the nature of all human action was the same - self-interest

A

classical reformers

48
Q

mini max theorem

A
  • calculating, rational actors
  • hedonistic
  • units of pleasure and pain calculated
  • free will and social contract
49
Q

according to classical theorists, punishments must contain 3 basic elements in order to be effective:

A
  1. swiftness
  2. certainty
  3. severity
50
Q

who pushed for the decentralization of power

A

classical theorists

51
Q

control acts rather than actors - this thought is supported by?

A

CLASSICAL APPROACH

52
Q

rational punishment, legislative determination of law + judicial determination of guilt, deterrence. all of these align with what approach to crime and deviance?

A

classical

53
Q

who believed society is set up to create or manufacture deviance?

A

Erikson

54
Q

what is the most difficult requisite of causality to establish?

A

non-spurious

55
Q

homicide rates in Canada peaked in?

A

1990

SOCI 325 (3 decks)

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