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Lab Diagnostics > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How to obtain ruminal fluid

A
  • orogastric tube
  • ruminal puncture
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2
Q

Which examination can be delayed to 24h in refrigerator after rumen sample

A

Chloride and ammonia conc.

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3
Q

Why should the rumen samples be evaluated directly after collection?

A

minimize effect of cooling and air exposure on protozoal activity

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4
Q

what influences the ruminal fluid properties?

A
  • composition of the diet
  • circumstances of the feeding and sampling
  • time interval from feeding and drinking
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5
Q

what can be seen in a rumen sample if taken immediately after feeding?

A
  • VFA and gas concentration increase
  • pH will be lower
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6
Q

What can be seen in a rumen sample taken after drinking?

A
  • dilute sample
  • decrease temperature
  • decrease motility of microorganism
  • decrease viscosity
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7
Q

give the normal and abnormal odor during physical rumen analysis

A

Normal:
 Aromatic odor
Abnormal:
 Ammonia smell (urea poisoning)
 Moldy rotting (protein putrefaction)
 Acidic or sour odor (excess lactic acid/grain overfeeding)

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8
Q

give the normal and abnormal color during physical rumen analysis

A

Normal:
 Olive to brownish green (hay ration)
 Deeper green color (green ration)
 Yellowish brown color (grain or silage ration)
Abnormal:
 Milky grey (grain overfeeding, lactic acidosis)
 Darker greenish or brownish (ruminal stasis/decomposition)
 Grey with clots of milk (calves with abomasal reflux)

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9
Q

give the normal and abnormal consistency during physical rumen analysis

A

Normal:
- slightly viscous
Abnormal:
- Increased viscosity (saliva contamination)
- Decreased viscosity, watery with few feed particles (inactive bacteria or protozoa)
- Excess frothy, stable bubbles (frothy bloat/ vagus indigestion)

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10
Q

In a rumen sample what can be seen in the sedimentation test for a very active fluid?

A

may exhibit sedimentation of fine particles with subsequent flotation

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11
Q

In a rumen sample what can be seen in the sedimentation test for an inactive fluid?

A

rapid sedimentation with little to no flotation, due to lack of fermentative gases

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12
Q

In a rumen sample during the sedimentation test, if a stable froth is present what can this indicate?

A
  • frothy bloat
  • vagal indigestions in Hoflund disease (stenosis)
  • treatment with sympathomimethics against ruminal atonia
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13
Q

What is easily used for pH measurement

A

pH paper

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14
Q

What is a normal rumen pH, what can modify it?

A
  • 6,3 - 7
  • grain fed cows can have lower pH
  • hay or green fed can have higher pH
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15
Q

Causes of an elevated rumen pH

A

-Simple indigestion or reduced feed intake for greater than 2 days
-Urea indigestion
-Putrefaction of ruminal content from prolonged rumen stasis
- Saliva contamination

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16
Q

causes of a lowered rumen pH

A
  • Grain overfeeding
    -Chronic ruminal acidosis
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17
Q

how can the rumen of an animal suffering from lactic acidosis have a normal pH

A

if anorexia has been prolonged due to continued saliva production

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18
Q

what is the acetic acid : propionic acid ratio

A

4:1

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19
Q

when pH decreases in rumen what happens to VFA

A

they decrease

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20
Q

how can VFA in rumen be measured

A

high performance gas chromatography

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21
Q

bacterias have an important role in which processes in rumen ?

A

redox

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22
Q

when is the redox potential increased in the rumen fluid?

A

in diet rich in starch and ruminal acidosis

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23
Q

when is the redox potential reduced?

A

ruminal flora is destroyed

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24
Q

Which test is for the reducing ability of anaerobic rumen flora?

A

méthylène blue reduction test

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25
Q

What is the predominant Gram of the bacterias present in the rumen?

A

negative

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26
Q

What can change the gram population of rumen bacteria?

A

lactic acidosis (more homogenous / gram positive)
rich fiber diet (gram negative)
rich starch diet (gram positive)

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27
Q

What happens to fungi in case of acidosis or putrefaction?

A

they disappear completely

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28
Q

how can rumen ammonia be measured and what is the difficulty?

A

spectrophotometer or with selective ion method
N is highly volatile and contamination can occur from surroundings

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29
Q

How can ammonia increase in the rumen and what would it cause?

A
  • high dietary protein intake
  • energy deficiency (after calving)
  • liver disorder

will cause ruminal alkalosis

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29
Q

How can ammonia increase in the rumen and what would it cause?

A
  • high dietary protein intake
  • energy deficiency (after calving)
  • liver disorder

will cause ruminal alkalosis

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30
Q

in which cases can the chloride concentration increases?

A

gastric torsion
pylorus obstruction
high salt intake
abomasal disorder (ulcer, inflammation, hyperacidity)

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31
Q

What can the measurement of bilirubin indicate?

A

types of jaundice

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32
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

lipid soluble molecule, from the breakdown of aged red blood cells by mononuclear phagocyte system

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33
Q

Where is found unconjugated bilirubin?

A

bound to albumin

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34
Q

What is bilirubin II?

A

glucuronic acid conjugated Br from hepatocytes, and excreted by the bile

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35
Q

Where can bacterially reduced bilirubin be seen?

A

too small to be measured in plasma, only in urine

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36
Q

Which 3 very important derivates are absorbed only at special mucosa of ileum

A

UBG
Vit B12
bile acids

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37
Q

causes of increased Br I in serum

A

excess Br prod due to RBC destruction
decreased uptake of Br by liver
decreased rate of conjugation of Br by liver cells

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38
Q

3 types of jaundice

A

prehepatic (haemolysis)
hepatic (liver cell damage)
posthepatic (cholestasis)

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39
Q

What is the oxidized form of of bilirubin, what causes it?

A

Biliverdin caused by sun

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40
Q

blood bilirubin methods of measurement

A

Van den Bergh
Grof Jendrassik

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41
Q

Causes of increased Br II in serum

A

few days after severe acute intravascular haemolysis
decreased excretion by liver
obstruction of bile duct

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42
Q

Cause of bilirubinuria

A

increased excretion of plasma Br II level

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43
Q

What could an increase of UBG mean

A

increased haemolysis or liver damage

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44
Q

From the Gmelin test what does those colors mean?
condensed material on surface of glass
yellow
white
purple
green
brown

A

acidic urea
urine itself
protein
indicane
biliverdin
urobilinogen

45
Q

What is the Ehrlich test used for?

A

UBG measurement in urine

46
Q

What is an abnormal sign in the Ehrlich test?

A

Red color discoloration

47
Q

increase of Br I in blood

A

Prehepatic > Hepatic > post hepatic

48
Q

increase of Br II

A

post hepatic > hepatic > prehepatic

49
Q

Increase of UBG

A

prehepatic > hepatic

50
Q

prehepatic blood measurements

A

increase of : BrI, BrII, UBG, Free haemoglobin, reticulocytes, Coagulation time, ALT, LDH, urea

decrease of: Haptoglobin, Ht

51
Q

hepatic blood measurements

A

increased of: Br I, Br II, UBG, Coagulation time, ALT, AST, GLDH, NH3, bile acids

decreased of: free hemoglobin, Ht, reticulocytes count, urea

52
Q

Posthepatic blood measurements

A

increase of : Br II, Coagulation time, ALKP, GGT, Bile acids

53
Q

What test can be performed to examine excretory function of liver

A

BSP-test

54
Q

What is the BSP test

A

injection IV of dye, if liver function is normal dye should be broken down. Give info about UDP-glucuronyl transferase

55
Q

Dog retention of BSP

A

5-10

56
Q

Cat retention of BSP

A

3-5

57
Q

What could be the cause of increased BSP retention

A

primary liver failure
decreased hepatic perfusion
decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity

58
Q

How much is the loss of bile acids through feaces

A

2-5%

59
Q

What are the 2 ways of sampling bile acids

A

after 10 hours of starvation
after eating
Heparin cannot be used

60
Q

causes of increased of bile acids in the blood

A

bile duct obstruction
liver injury/hepatic cell damage
decrease in liver function

61
Q

What can a decrease in liver function, uptake of absorbed bile acid induce

A

increase of bile acid in the blood
increase in urobilinogen

62
Q

causes of decreased bile acid in the blood

A

decreased absorption from intestines
sever liver cirrhosis (decreased synthesis)

63
Q

Examples of proteins made by the liver

A

Albumin, coagulation factors, apolipoprteins,

64
Q

In case of liver failure what happens to the lysosomal enzymes

A

Will be elevated in the blood

65
Q

What is the first proteins to decrease in case of liver failure

A

Coagulation factors

66
Q

What does low apolipoprotein level in blood cause in the liver

A

Fatty liver

67
Q

What is the last protein to have it’s synthesis affected by liver failure

A

Albumin

68
Q

What is to be tested to examine the protein synthesis ability of liver

A

TP, albumin, fribinogen

69
Q

What can be expected if albumin concentration is <20g/l and <11g/l ?

A

-Edema can be expected
-Edema formation

70
Q

What can a decrease of ammonia in blood indicate in carnivores?

A

Severe decrease of liver functions

71
Q

What can a decrease in ammonia concentration indicate in ruminants?

A

Consequence of ruminal alkalosis

72
Q

What does a low ammonia concentration indicate in horses and rabbits?

A

Pathological breakdown of ingest in the colon or caecum
Liver failure

73
Q

Can ammonia levels be taken to test liver functions

A

Yes

74
Q

What is used to measure ammonia

A

Ammonia-checker, can be portable

75
Q

In which case is it worth performing NH3 tolerance test

A

basal values do not show alteration and portosystemic shunt is strong

76
Q

Causes of increased NH3 concentration in blood

A

impaired liver function
Ruminal alkalosis
intestinal overgrowth of ammonia producing bacteria

77
Q

Location of the AST enzyme

A

mitochondria of liver cells, muscle, red blood cells

78
Q

Causes of Increased AST

A

muscles: intensive exercise, muscles inflammation
liver cells: ethanol consumption, hepatopathy, severe parenchymal damage
RBCs: haemolysis

79
Q

Causes of decreased AST

A

metronidasol
Vit. B6 deficiency

80
Q

Location ALT

A

Liver cells
RBCs
in herbivores (not liver specific)

81
Q

Causes of increased ALT

A

Liver damage (esp in Car)
Chronic active hepatitis
cirrhosis
bile duct obstruction
pancreatitis

82
Q

Location of GLDH

A

Liver specific, in Ruminants, horses and dogs

83
Q

Increased GLDH

A

severe liver cell necrosis that leads to mitochondrial membrane damage

84
Q

ALKP is not liver specific in which species?

A

Cats

85
Q

Causes of increased ALKP

A

bone: young dogs, pregnant animals, bone fracture
liver: cholestasis, bile acids, acute necrosis, live cirrhosis, barbiturates, intra/extra hepatic biliary obstruction

86
Q

Causes of decreased ALKP

A

very severe cirrhosis

87
Q

GGT enzyme is liver specific in which specie?

A

horses

88
Q

tubular cell damage causes increased activity of which enzyme

A

ALKP

89
Q

causes of increased GGT

A

biliary stasis, cirrhosis, barbiturates, hepatic lipidosis

90
Q

What are the enzymes usually measured in dogs?

A

ALT, ALKP, GGT

91
Q

What are the enzymes usually measured in Cat?

A

ALT, GGT

92
Q

What are the enzymes usually measured in ruminants?

A

AST, GLDH

93
Q

What are the enzymes usually measured in horses?

A

AST, GGT

94
Q

What are the enzymes usually measured in swine?

A

AST, GGT, ALKP, OCT, SDH

95
Q

What are the changes in lipid metabolism due to impaired liver function?

A
  • decreased total cholesterol concentration
  • increased FFA
  • lipid accumulation in liver
96
Q

What happens to the weight in case of chronic kidney disease

A

Decreases

97
Q

During acute kidney failure how is the water intake affected

A

Decreased

98
Q

During chronic kidney failure how is the water intake affected

A

Increases

99
Q

What is the urine output during acute kidney failure

A

Anuria (decreased/no urine)

100
Q

Urine output during chronic renal failure

A

Polyuria

101
Q

Azotaemia

A

Accumulation of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products in the blood

102
Q

Uraemia

A

Increase of level of nitrogen containing protein breakdown product and toxin in the blood + obvious clinical signs

103
Q

2 methods to determine level of urea

A

Urea colour test
Enzymatic urea method

104
Q

Increase of blood urea concentration, prerenal factors

A

Increased protein intake
Poor energy status in ruminant
Increase of protein catabolism (intestinal bacteria overgrowth)
Intestinal or gastric bleeding
Haemolysis
Decrease perfusion of kidneys

105
Q

Postrenal factor for urea increase

A

Inhibition of urine flow
Rupture of kidney, urethra, urinary bladder

106
Q

Decrease of urea

A

Impaired liver
Hyper hydration
Decrease protein intake

107
Q

What is creatinine a good indicator of

A

Glomerular function

108
Q

Method to measure creatinine

A

Jaffe methode
Enzymatic method

109
Q

Blood creatinine depends on

A

Meat content of diet
State of muscle
Kidney pain glomerulus function

110
Q

To asses kidney function which test is most reliable

A

Serum/plasma creatinine level

111
Q

High urea +low/normal creatinine

A

Urea: GI bleeding
Creatinine : muscle atrophy

Lab Diagnostics (2 decks)

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