Midterm 2 Flashcards
How to obtain ruminal fluid
- orogastric tube
- ruminal puncture
Which examination can be delayed to 24h in refrigerator after rumen sample
Chloride and ammonia conc.
Why should the rumen samples be evaluated directly after collection?
minimize effect of cooling and air exposure on protozoal activity
what influences the ruminal fluid properties?
- composition of the diet
- circumstances of the feeding and sampling
- time interval from feeding and drinking
what can be seen in a rumen sample if taken immediately after feeding?
- VFA and gas concentration increase
- pH will be lower
What can be seen in a rumen sample taken after drinking?
- dilute sample
- decrease temperature
- decrease motility of microorganism
- decrease viscosity
give the normal and abnormal odor during physical rumen analysis
Normal:
Aromatic odor
Abnormal:
Ammonia smell (urea poisoning)
Moldy rotting (protein putrefaction)
Acidic or sour odor (excess lactic acid/grain overfeeding)
give the normal and abnormal color during physical rumen analysis
Normal:
Olive to brownish green (hay ration)
Deeper green color (green ration)
Yellowish brown color (grain or silage ration)
Abnormal:
Milky grey (grain overfeeding, lactic acidosis)
Darker greenish or brownish (ruminal stasis/decomposition)
Grey with clots of milk (calves with abomasal reflux)
give the normal and abnormal consistency during physical rumen analysis
Normal:
- slightly viscous
Abnormal:
- Increased viscosity (saliva contamination)
- Decreased viscosity, watery with few feed particles (inactive bacteria or protozoa)
- Excess frothy, stable bubbles (frothy bloat/ vagus indigestion)
In a rumen sample what can be seen in the sedimentation test for a very active fluid?
may exhibit sedimentation of fine particles with subsequent flotation
In a rumen sample what can be seen in the sedimentation test for an inactive fluid?
rapid sedimentation with little to no flotation, due to lack of fermentative gases
In a rumen sample during the sedimentation test, if a stable froth is present what can this indicate?
- frothy bloat
- vagal indigestions in Hoflund disease (stenosis)
- treatment with sympathomimethics against ruminal atonia
What is easily used for pH measurement
pH paper
What is a normal rumen pH, what can modify it?
- 6,3 - 7
- grain fed cows can have lower pH
- hay or green fed can have higher pH
Causes of an elevated rumen pH
-Simple indigestion or reduced feed intake for greater than 2 days
-Urea indigestion
-Putrefaction of ruminal content from prolonged rumen stasis
- Saliva contamination
causes of a lowered rumen pH
- Grain overfeeding
-Chronic ruminal acidosis
how can the rumen of an animal suffering from lactic acidosis have a normal pH
if anorexia has been prolonged due to continued saliva production
what is the acetic acid : propionic acid ratio
4:1
when pH decreases in rumen what happens to VFA
they decrease
how can VFA in rumen be measured
high performance gas chromatography
bacterias have an important role in which processes in rumen ?
redox
when is the redox potential increased in the rumen fluid?
in diet rich in starch and ruminal acidosis
when is the redox potential reduced?
ruminal flora is destroyed
Which test is for the reducing ability of anaerobic rumen flora?
méthylène blue reduction test
What is the predominant Gram of the bacterias present in the rumen?
negative
What can change the gram population of rumen bacteria?
lactic acidosis (more homogenous / gram positive)
rich fiber diet (gram negative)
rich starch diet (gram positive)
What happens to fungi in case of acidosis or putrefaction?
they disappear completely
how can rumen ammonia be measured and what is the difficulty?
spectrophotometer or with selective ion method
N is highly volatile and contamination can occur from surroundings
How can ammonia increase in the rumen and what would it cause?
- high dietary protein intake
- energy deficiency (after calving)
- liver disorder
will cause ruminal alkalosis
How can ammonia increase in the rumen and what would it cause?
- high dietary protein intake
- energy deficiency (after calving)
- liver disorder
will cause ruminal alkalosis
in which cases can the chloride concentration increases?
gastric torsion
pylorus obstruction
high salt intake
abomasal disorder (ulcer, inflammation, hyperacidity)
What can the measurement of bilirubin indicate?
types of jaundice
What is bilirubin?
lipid soluble molecule, from the breakdown of aged red blood cells by mononuclear phagocyte system
Where is found unconjugated bilirubin?
bound to albumin
What is bilirubin II?
glucuronic acid conjugated Br from hepatocytes, and excreted by the bile
Where can bacterially reduced bilirubin be seen?
too small to be measured in plasma, only in urine
Which 3 very important derivates are absorbed only at special mucosa of ileum
UBG
Vit B12
bile acids
causes of increased Br I in serum
excess Br prod due to RBC destruction
decreased uptake of Br by liver
decreased rate of conjugation of Br by liver cells
3 types of jaundice
prehepatic (haemolysis)
hepatic (liver cell damage)
posthepatic (cholestasis)
What is the oxidized form of of bilirubin, what causes it?
Biliverdin caused by sun
blood bilirubin methods of measurement
Van den Bergh
Grof Jendrassik
Causes of increased Br II in serum
few days after severe acute intravascular haemolysis
decreased excretion by liver
obstruction of bile duct
Cause of bilirubinuria
increased excretion of plasma Br II level
What could an increase of UBG mean
increased haemolysis or liver damage
From the Gmelin test what does those colors mean?
condensed material on surface of glass
yellow
white
purple
green
brown
acidic urea
urine itself
protein
indicane
biliverdin
urobilinogen
What is the Ehrlich test used for?
UBG measurement in urine
What is an abnormal sign in the Ehrlich test?
Red color discoloration
increase of Br I in blood
Prehepatic > Hepatic > post hepatic
increase of Br II
post hepatic > hepatic > prehepatic
Increase of UBG
prehepatic > hepatic
prehepatic blood measurements
increase of : BrI, BrII, UBG, Free haemoglobin, reticulocytes, Coagulation time, ALT, LDH, urea
decrease of: Haptoglobin, Ht
hepatic blood measurements
increased of: Br I, Br II, UBG, Coagulation time, ALT, AST, GLDH, NH3, bile acids
decreased of: free hemoglobin, Ht, reticulocytes count, urea
Posthepatic blood measurements
increase of : Br II, Coagulation time, ALKP, GGT, Bile acids
What test can be performed to examine excretory function of liver
BSP-test
What is the BSP test
injection IV of dye, if liver function is normal dye should be broken down. Give info about UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Dog retention of BSP
5-10
Cat retention of BSP
3-5
What could be the cause of increased BSP retention
primary liver failure
decreased hepatic perfusion
decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity
How much is the loss of bile acids through feaces
2-5%
What are the 2 ways of sampling bile acids
after 10 hours of starvation
after eating
Heparin cannot be used
causes of increased of bile acids in the blood
bile duct obstruction
liver injury/hepatic cell damage
decrease in liver function
What can a decrease in liver function, uptake of absorbed bile acid induce
increase of bile acid in the blood
increase in urobilinogen
causes of decreased bile acid in the blood
decreased absorption from intestines
sever liver cirrhosis (decreased synthesis)
Examples of proteins made by the liver
Albumin, coagulation factors, apolipoprteins,
In case of liver failure what happens to the lysosomal enzymes
Will be elevated in the blood
What is the first proteins to decrease in case of liver failure
Coagulation factors
What does low apolipoprotein level in blood cause in the liver
Fatty liver
What is the last protein to have it’s synthesis affected by liver failure
Albumin
What is to be tested to examine the protein synthesis ability of liver
TP, albumin, fribinogen
What can be expected if albumin concentration is <20g/l and <11g/l ?
-Edema can be expected
-Edema formation
What can a decrease of ammonia in blood indicate in carnivores?
Severe decrease of liver functions
What can a decrease in ammonia concentration indicate in ruminants?
Consequence of ruminal alkalosis
What does a low ammonia concentration indicate in horses and rabbits?
Pathological breakdown of ingest in the colon or caecum
Liver failure
Can ammonia levels be taken to test liver functions
Yes
What is used to measure ammonia
Ammonia-checker, can be portable
In which case is it worth performing NH3 tolerance test
basal values do not show alteration and portosystemic shunt is strong
Causes of increased NH3 concentration in blood
impaired liver function
Ruminal alkalosis
intestinal overgrowth of ammonia producing bacteria
Location of the AST enzyme
mitochondria of liver cells, muscle, red blood cells
Causes of Increased AST
muscles: intensive exercise, muscles inflammation
liver cells: ethanol consumption, hepatopathy, severe parenchymal damage
RBCs: haemolysis
Causes of decreased AST
metronidasol
Vit. B6 deficiency
Location ALT
Liver cells
RBCs
in herbivores (not liver specific)
Causes of increased ALT
Liver damage (esp in Car)
Chronic active hepatitis
cirrhosis
bile duct obstruction
pancreatitis
Location of GLDH
Liver specific, in Ruminants, horses and dogs
Increased GLDH
severe liver cell necrosis that leads to mitochondrial membrane damage
ALKP is not liver specific in which species?
Cats
Causes of increased ALKP
bone: young dogs, pregnant animals, bone fracture
liver: cholestasis, bile acids, acute necrosis, live cirrhosis, barbiturates, intra/extra hepatic biliary obstruction
Causes of decreased ALKP
very severe cirrhosis
GGT enzyme is liver specific in which specie?
horses
tubular cell damage causes increased activity of which enzyme
ALKP
causes of increased GGT
biliary stasis, cirrhosis, barbiturates, hepatic lipidosis
What are the enzymes usually measured in dogs?
ALT, ALKP, GGT
What are the enzymes usually measured in Cat?
ALT, GGT
What are the enzymes usually measured in ruminants?
AST, GLDH
What are the enzymes usually measured in horses?
AST, GGT
What are the enzymes usually measured in swine?
AST, GGT, ALKP, OCT, SDH
What are the changes in lipid metabolism due to impaired liver function?
- decreased total cholesterol concentration
- increased FFA
- lipid accumulation in liver
What happens to the weight in case of chronic kidney disease
Decreases
During acute kidney failure how is the water intake affected
Decreased
During chronic kidney failure how is the water intake affected
Increases
What is the urine output during acute kidney failure
Anuria (decreased/no urine)
Urine output during chronic renal failure
Polyuria
Azotaemia
Accumulation of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products in the blood
Uraemia
Increase of level of nitrogen containing protein breakdown product and toxin in the blood + obvious clinical signs
2 methods to determine level of urea
Urea colour test
Enzymatic urea method
Increase of blood urea concentration, prerenal factors
Increased protein intake
Poor energy status in ruminant
Increase of protein catabolism (intestinal bacteria overgrowth)
Intestinal or gastric bleeding
Haemolysis
Decrease perfusion of kidneys
Postrenal factor for urea increase
Inhibition of urine flow
Rupture of kidney, urethra, urinary bladder
Decrease of urea
Impaired liver
Hyper hydration
Decrease protein intake
What is creatinine a good indicator of
Glomerular function
Method to measure creatinine
Jaffe methode
Enzymatic method
Blood creatinine depends on
Meat content of diet
State of muscle
Kidney pain glomerulus function
To asses kidney function which test is most reliable
Serum/plasma creatinine level
High urea +low/normal creatinine
Urea: GI bleeding
Creatinine : muscle atrophy
