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rocks > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Body waves

A

pass through earth’s interior

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2
Q

p-waves

A

primary compression waves. Move faster

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3
Q

S-waves

A

secondary waves, vertical sheer motion. Doesn’t travel through liquid

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4
Q

moment magnitude

A

amount of energy released. increases by 31.6E1.5 every step

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5
Q

Richter magnitude

A

amount of shaking 100km from epicenter.
depends on rock type

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6
Q

megathrust

A

large eq (7.9) that occurs at subduction boundries

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7
Q

sheer walls

A

diagonal beams for eq stability

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8
Q

how tsunamis form

A

associated with megathrusts
column of water is suddenly moved upwards and the water displaces outwards

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9
Q

1964 Anchorage AK eq

A

MW 9.2
subduction, shaking for over 4 min
liquefaction caused landslides

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10
Q

1960 Chile eq

A

9.5 MW
tsunami 10-15 min after

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11
Q

1946 Hawaii tsunami

A

from eq in Ak
arrived in HI 5 hr later

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12
Q

evidence of past tsunamis

A

oral tradition from native people
Japanese records
tsunami deposits - can date organic material

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13
Q

focus/hypocenter

A

location of origin beneath the surface

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13
Q

focus/hypocenter

A

location of origin beneath the surface

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14
Q

epicenter

A

location above origin on the surface

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15
Q

fault scarp

A

small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically

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16
Q

seismic gap

A

part of fault where no eq has happened recently and tension is building

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17
Q

factors of eq size

A

how much of the fault ruptured
rock type
depth of rupture

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18
Q

braided river

A

many channels with sand bars in between
moves lots of sediment but not much clay
dry, arid climates; seasonal rain
common coming off glaciers

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19
Q

meandering river

A

snake-like paths
humid, wet climates w/ warm temp
promotes clay formation

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20
Q

flood plain

A

whole area where river travels
filled with deposits from meandering river

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21
Q

oxbow lakes

A

where the river used to meander but doesn’t anymore

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22
Q

loval base level

A

dam or lake

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23
Q

ultimate base level

A

sea level or mouth of river

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24
Q

waterfalls

A

occur at resistant rock layers and create ledges
most erosion where it goes off cliff
deposition where it drops

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25
Q

competence

A

biggest grain size a river can carry

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26
Q

capacity

A

total sediment the river can carry

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27
Q

laminar flow

A

all water moves in the same direction
lower part of stream

28
Q

turbulent flow

A

water moving in all directions
upper part of stream
creates white water

29
Q

thalweg

A

pathway of water with the fastest velocity
spiral in meandering rivers

30
Q

traction

A

boulders at bottom rolling

31
Q

saltation

A

sand particles bouncing off bottom of river

32
Q

youthful rivers

A

steep sides, narrow channels

33
Q

middle aged ricer

A

sloped sides, narrow channels, less narrow than you rivers

34
Q

mature river

A

wide flood plain, meandering channel

35
Q

rejuvenated river

A

base level dropped rapidly
either tectonic uplift or drop in sea level
visible terraces

36
Q

dendritic drainage

A

nothing controlling the river

37
Q

radial

A

on something with a central high point
ex volcano
water flows away from center

38
Q

rectilinear

A

joins along surface
river flows straight along joints with sharp angles

39
Q

trellis

A

anticlines and inclines with tributaries
river cuts across hills

40
Q

lineations

A

repeated commonly penetrative and parallel alignment
often old or active faults

41
Q

superposed stream

A

stream thought to predate the structures it crosses

42
Q

porosity

A

voids in rocks

43
Q

permeability

A

connectivity of the voids

44
Q

primary porosity

A

spaces between voids

45
Q

secondary porosity

A

fractures and joints in the rocks

46
Q

aquifer

A

permeable rock that transports water
unconfined - accessible at surface

47
Q

aquiclude

A

like an aquifer but underground

48
Q

capillary fringe

A

water on grain surfaces

49
Q

zone of saturation

A

fills pores in rocks
no air pockets, just water

50
Q

streams and rivers

A

water table comes to sureface

51
Q

groundwater

A

flows to lover areas of water table

52
Q

velocity of wate

A

permeability times slope

53
Q

perched water table

A

local feature where small aquiclude underlies an aquifer

54
Q

artesian wells

A

ground water pressurized above surface

55
Q

5 affects of coastline appearances

A

tectonics
wave erosion along coasts
tides
sediment sources
climate

56
Q

wave refraction

A

focuses energy of the wave to one part of the coastline

57
Q

wave formation

A

waves form as the result of strong winds blowing over water

58
Q

wave break

A

break at 1/2 wavelength

59
Q

longshore currents

A

caused by waves approaching shore at angle and moves out parallel

60
Q

spit

A

sandy landform caused by longshore drift

61
Q

rip current

A

narrow currents formed form water piling up and rushing back out to the open ocean

62
Q

Bay of Fundy

A

highest tidal range in the world

63
Q

nature of tides

A

affects coastal landforms

64
Q

carbonate reefs

A

often around volcanic islands
reef remains after volcano dies

65
Q

estuaries

A

drowned ricer valley from sea level rise

66
Q

barrier island

A

constantly evolving deposit of sand parallel to the coast
protects coast from hurricanes

67
Q

1884 Charleston

A

intraplate eq
most of the city was destroyed

68
Q

1811-1812 madrid

A

4 intraplate earthquakes
caused by old faults under surface
felt far away because rock was cold and old

rocks (2 decks)

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