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rocks > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

hypothesis

A

an idea on how something might work

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2
Q

theory

A

explains everything seen with no contradictions

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3
Q

declination

A

offset of magnetic birth from geographic north

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4
Q

external heat sources

A

climate and weather

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5
Q

internal heat sources

A

driven by radioactive decay and original heat from the nebular cloud, drives plates

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6
Q

theory of uniformitarianism

A

present is the key to the past. can look at present geological processes and extrapolate the past

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7
Q

age of earth

A

4.56 bya

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8
Q

pangea

A

supercontinent that broke up about 225mya

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9
Q

convection

A

movement of rock in mantle

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10
Q

lithosphere

A

crust and upper mantle

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11
Q

asthenosphere

A

part of the mantle that is partially molten where convection occurs

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12
Q

isotherm

A

boundary between solid and partially molten rock

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13
Q

divergent plate boundaries

A

two plates move apart from each other. create rift valleys, small volcanoes, and small, shallow earthquakes. Often associated with seafloor spreading

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14
Q

convergent ocean-ocean

A

oceanic trench, volcanic island arcs, deep earthquakes (asymmetrical)

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15
Q

convergent ocean-continent

A

volcanic mountain chain, folded mountains, deep earthquakes. oceanic plates subducts because it’s denser

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16
Q

convergent continent-continent

A

crystal thickening, folded mountains, earthquakes

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17
Q

transform boundaries

A

strike-slip faults, small earthquakes, no volcanoes, linear feature on terrain

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18
Q

electrostatic attraction

A

two types of particles have opposite charges, creating a mutual attraction

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19
Q

metallic bond

A

not very strong, atoms bonded by a “sea of electrons. allows atoms to pack closely, soft and malleable

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20
Q

crystal lattice

A

regular 3D repeated arrangement of atoms. creates cleavage in minerals

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21
Q

mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic compound that doesn’t contain C-H-O. crystalline solid

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22
Q

how to identify minerals

A

color, hardness, cleavage, density, reaction to HCL, magnetism, luster, diapgenity

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23
Q

sulfur mineral group

A

yellow, no cleavage

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24
Q

silicate mineral group

A

most common mineral class
SiO

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25
Q

silicate tetrahedron

A

building blocks of all silicate minerals
single chain
-pyroxene
double chain
-amphibole
sheet silicates
-muscovite, biotite
framework silicates
-don’t break in cleavage
- pure SiO2
-includes quartz

26
Q

most common elements in crustal rock

A

silicon, oxygen, aluminum

27
Q

rock

A

naturally forming, non-living, firm, coherent aggregate of matter

28
Q

igneous

A

formed form molten lava or magma

29
Q

sedimentary

A

formed by particles of other rocks that are eroded, deposited, and recemented at the surface

30
Q

metamorphic

A

sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure

31
Q

rock cycle

A

rocks are continually changing and evolving as result of surface and tectonic processes

32
Q

weathering

A

chemical or mechanical breakdown of rock at the surface

33
Q

erosion

A

sediment moved by running water, glaciers, wind, etc

34
Q

extrusive igneous rock

A

formed above ground by lava, ash, ash flow, or an ash cloud

35
Q

intrusive igneous rock

A

formed below ground by magma
cools slower than extrusive

36
Q

xenolith

A

rock incorporated into another rock

37
Q

rhyolitic lava

A

made of rhyolite, high in silica, cool, sticky, and explosive

38
Q

andesitic lava

A

made of andesite, moderate amount of silica, cool, sticky, and explosive

39
Q

basaltic lava

A

made of basalt, low in silica, hot, fluid, not effusive

40
Q

shield volcanoes

A

mainly basaltic, gentle sides, long duration of activity, non-violent

41
Q

pahoehoe lava

A

ropey, slow cooling

42
Q

aa lava

A

produces very sharp rocks

43
Q

strato volcanoes

A

highly explosive volcanoes along subduction zones that produce pyroclastic debris and large layers of ash

44
Q

volcano earthquake techniques

A

eruptive history, earthquakez, ground tilting, temp, gas

45
Q

mountain stream (sedimentary rocks)

A

high energy deposition
eruption rates > deposition rates

46
Q

conglomerate

A

rock containing cobble

47
Q

breccia

A

conglomerate with angular rocks

48
Q

rocky beaches

A

large coasts indicates higher energy processes

49
Q

delta deposition

A

stream or river loses everything in the ocean and drops the sediment it carrie’s

50
Q

pluton

A

deep-seated intrusion of an igneous rock

51
Q

dikes

A

igneous intrusions that cut across the layers of rock that they inteude

52
Q

batholith

A

large igneous intrusion extending deep into the crust

53
Q

sills

A

bed of volcanic lava between older sedimentary rock

54
Q

nuee ardente volcano

A

highly explosive volcano that produces pyroclastic flow

55
Q

lahar

A

violent type of mudflow/debris

56
Q

joints

A

fracture in a rock with no offset

57
Q

fault

A

fracture in a rock with offset

58
Q

slates

A

very flat cleavage, common to build with

59
Q

phylite

A

slight shine, slightly wrinkled surface

60
Q

schist

A

obvious layering, mostly muscovite or biotite

61
Q

gneiss

A

bands of felsic and magic minerals (layers of light and dark)

62
Q

migmatite

A

part of rock (quartz and feldspar) has melted and recrystalized

rocks (2 decks)

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