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Intro to learning > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences (positive or negative). Can involve punishment or reinforcement

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2
Q

What did Thorndike’s research comprise of?

A

Putting a cat in a maze with food and seeing how long it took the cat to find it and what behaviours it exhibited.

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3
Q

What did skinners research comprise of?

A

Rats pulling a lever for food. Took note of multiple behaviours.

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4
Q

What is the main difference between Thorndike’s and Skinner’s research?

A

Thorndike only looked at one behavior and ended the experiment while skinner kept it going to see how many times the behavior would occur.

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5
Q

What do both researchers conclude?

A

Change environment for the animal to get what it wants

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6
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Give the person something they like (add stimulus)

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7
Q

What is negative reinforcment?

A

Take away something the person doesn’t like (remove stimulus)

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8
Q

Discrete trial procedures?

A

As seen in Thorndike’s research. (Experiment has a beginning and end)

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9
Q

Free Operant procedures?

A

The experiment can keep going until the animal at hand dies.

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10
Q

What is an example that uses operant and classic conditioning?

A

Little Albert experiment

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11
Q

What are the 2 main differences between operant and classic conditioning?

A

Classic (pavlovian) conditioning involves reflex behavior while operant does not.

Classic the US is contingent on CS
Operant the stimulus is contingent on behaviour

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12
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When an organism thinks no behaviour will affect the situation they just do not do anything

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13
Q

What is a generalized reinforcer?

A

Something a lot of people desire that can be used for conditioning (money)

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14
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Something that triggers a primary reinforcer that triggers the desired response.

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15
Q

What is shaping?

A

Small steps toward the desired response are rewarded until it is achieved

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16
Q

What is chaining?

A

Linking together all the steps of shaping to get the desired response

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17
Q

What are variables that affect reinforcement?

A

Contingency, contiguity, reinforcer characteristics, task characteristics, derivational level

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18
Q

What are some problems with extinction?

A

Extinction burst, behavior variability, aggression, spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

What is Hull Drive Reduction Theory?

A

All behavior is driven forward by reinforcement. The drive reduces when reinforcement is received

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20
Q

What is Relative Value Theory?

A

Strong behaviors strengthen weak behaviors (Premack principle). Some behaviors have a high intensity than others.

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21
Q

What is Response Deprivation Theory?

A

Behaviours are reinforced when they are withheld from doing it for long periods of times. (watching tv)

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22
Q

Two Process Theory?

A

Negative reinforcement involves Escape (operant) + avoidance (classic)

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23
Q

One Process Theory?

A

Only escape is present (operant learning)

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24
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Give something bad

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25
What is negative punishment?
Take away something good
26
What are factors the affect punishment?
Contingency, Contiguity, and Punisher Intensity
27
What are the variables affecting punishment?
Intro of punishment intensity, reinforcement of punished behavior (cc), alternative sources of Reinforcement, and Deprivational level
28
What is a competing contingency?
One thing says to not do it and the other thing says to do it
29
What is skinners theory of punishment?
Use high intensity punishment straight away and quickly after undesired behavior
30
What is two process theory in punishment?
Operant and classic conditioning present
31
What is one process theory in punishment?
Only operant conditioning present
32
What is the problem with punishment?
Used a negative reinforcer
33
What are the problems with punishment?
Escape and avoidance, aggression, apathy, abuse, imitation of punishment
34
What is known as the best means of learning?
Differential reinforcment
35
What does differential reinforcement use?
extinction + reinforcement
36
What are the 4 methods of differential reinforcement?
Keep behaviour but have it occur less (DRL), get rid of behaviour completely (DRO), Increase opposite behaviour (DRI), and Reinforce any other kind of behaviour (DRA)
37
Presynaptic neuron?
Sends neurotransmitter
38
Postsynaptic neuron?
Receives neurotransmitter
39
Sensory neurons?
Brings outside world to nervous system
40
Motor neurons?
Used for movement
41
Interneurons?
Connects two types of neurons in the same region of the body
42
Projection neurons?
Connect two types of neurons in different regions of the body
43
What are the two types of refractory periods?
Absolute refractory period – cannot fire Relative refractory period – can fire but hard to do so (inside is more – then usual)
44
What is an action potential?
Sending of a neurotransmitter
45
What does selectively permeable mean?
Only some things can pass through. Leads to polarization
46
What is it called when a neuron is at rest?
Resting potential (inside - and outside is +)
47
What are the two types of gradients present in a neuron?
Electrical and concentration gradient
48
What must a neuron achieve for an action potential?
A threshold
49
What does an action potential trigger?
docking of neurotransmitter resulting in sodium rushing into neuron making it more +
50
What are long-term potentiation and long-term depression used for?
Building new neuro networks are what leads to learning!
51
What is glutamate?
Learning and memory receptors
52
What means of learning is the only one currently allowed in animals and in education?
Positive reinforcement
53
How is self-awareness achieved in humans?
Correct/accurate observations will be reinforced, incorrect/inaccurate punished. Operant learning !
54
What are some methods of self control?
Physical resistance, distancing, distraction, deprivation and satiation, and informing others + monitoring
55
Is verbal behaviour learned through learning?
Yes
56
What are the two theories of problem-solving?
Kaler idea (insight on what the right response is) vs thorndikes (trial and error)
57
What is creativity driven by?
Reinforcment!
58
What is conventional behavior driven by?
Reinforcment!
59
What is superstition?
Any behaviour that is reinforced
60
What can reduce learned helplessness?
Problem solving at young age decreases likelihood of learned helplessness
61
How is self-injurious behavior obtained?
Negative reinforement
62
How can learning help hallucinations?
Reinforce normal behavior

Intro to learning (2 decks)

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