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Intro to learning > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences (positive or negative). Can involve punishment or reinforcement

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2
Q

What did Thorndike’s research comprise of?

A

Putting a cat in a maze with food and seeing how long it took the cat to find it and what behaviours it exhibited.

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3
Q

What did skinners research comprise of?

A

Rats pulling a lever for food. Took note of multiple behaviours.

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4
Q

What is the main difference between Thorndike’s and Skinner’s research?

A

Thorndike only looked at one behavior and ended the experiment while skinner kept it going to see how many times the behavior would occur.

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5
Q

What do both researchers conclude?

A

Change environment for the animal to get what it wants

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6
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Give the person something they like (add stimulus)

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7
Q

What is negative reinforcment?

A

Take away something the person doesn’t like (remove stimulus)

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8
Q

Discrete trial procedures?

A

As seen in Thorndike’s research. (Experiment has a beginning and end)

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9
Q

Free Operant procedures?

A

The experiment can keep going until the animal at hand dies.

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10
Q

What is an example that uses operant and classic conditioning?

A

Little Albert experiment

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11
Q

What are the 2 main differences between operant and classic conditioning?

A

Classic (pavlovian) conditioning involves reflex behavior while operant does not.

Classic the US is contingent on CS
Operant the stimulus is contingent on behaviour

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12
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When an organism thinks no behaviour will affect the situation they just do not do anything

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13
Q

What is a generalized reinforcer?

A

Something a lot of people desire that can be used for conditioning (money)

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14
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Something that triggers a primary reinforcer that triggers the desired response.

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15
Q

What is shaping?

A

Small steps toward the desired response are rewarded until it is achieved

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16
Q

What is chaining?

A

Linking together all the steps of shaping to get the desired response

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17
Q

What are variables that affect reinforcement?

A

Contingency, contiguity, reinforcer characteristics, task characteristics, derivational level

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18
Q

What are some problems with extinction?

A

Extinction burst, behavior variability, aggression, spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

What is Hull Drive Reduction Theory?

A

All behavior is driven forward by reinforcement. The drive reduces when reinforcement is received

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20
Q

What is Relative Value Theory?

A

Strong behaviors strengthen weak behaviors (Premack principle). Some behaviors have a high intensity than others.

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21
Q

What is Response Deprivation Theory?

A

Behaviours are reinforced when they are withheld from doing it for long periods of times. (watching tv)

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22
Q

Two Process Theory?

A

Negative reinforcement involves Escape (operant) + avoidance (classic)

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23
Q

One Process Theory?

A

Only escape is present (operant learning)

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24
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Give something bad

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25
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Take away something good

26
Q

What are factors the affect punishment?

A

Contingency, Contiguity, and Punisher Intensity

27
Q

What are the variables affecting punishment?

A

Intro of punishment intensity, reinforcement of punished behavior (cc), alternative sources of Reinforcement, and Deprivational level

28
Q

What is a competing contingency?

A

One thing says to not do it and the other thing says to do it

29
Q

What is skinners theory of punishment?

A

Use high intensity punishment straight away and quickly after undesired behavior

30
Q

What is two process theory in punishment?

A

Operant and classic conditioning present

31
Q

What is one process theory in punishment?

A

Only operant conditioning present

32
Q

What is the problem with punishment?

A

Used a negative reinforcer

33
Q

What are the problems with punishment?

A

Escape and avoidance, aggression, apathy, abuse, imitation of punishment

34
Q

What is known as the best means of learning?

A

Differential reinforcment

35
Q

What does differential reinforcement use?

A

extinction + reinforcement

36
Q

What are the 4 methods of differential reinforcement?

A

Keep behaviour but have it occur less (DRL), get rid of behaviour completely (DRO), Increase opposite behaviour (DRI), and Reinforce any other kind of behaviour (DRA)

37
Q

Presynaptic neuron?

A

Sends neurotransmitter

38
Q

Postsynaptic neuron?

A

Receives neurotransmitter

39
Q

Sensory neurons?

A

Brings outside world to nervous system

40
Q

Motor neurons?

A

Used for movement

41
Q

Interneurons?

A

Connects two types of neurons in the same region of the body

42
Q

Projection neurons?

A

Connect two types of neurons in different regions of the body

43
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period – cannot fire
Relative refractory period – can fire but hard to do so (inside is more – then usual)

44
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Sending of a neurotransmitter

45
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Only some things can pass through. Leads to polarization

46
Q

What is it called when a neuron is at rest?

A

Resting potential (inside - and outside is +)

47
Q

What are the two types of gradients present in a neuron?

A

Electrical and concentration gradient

48
Q

What must a neuron achieve for an action potential?

A

A threshold

49
Q

What does an action potential trigger?

A

docking of neurotransmitter resulting in sodium rushing into neuron making it more +

50
Q

What are long-term potentiation and long-term depression used for?

A

Building new neuro networks are what leads to learning!

51
Q

What is glutamate?

A

Learning and memory receptors

52
Q

What means of learning is the only one currently allowed in animals and in education?

A

Positive reinforcement

53
Q

How is self-awareness achieved in humans?

A

Correct/accurate observations will be reinforced, incorrect/inaccurate punished. Operant learning !

54
Q

What are some methods of self control?

A

Physical resistance, distancing, distraction, deprivation and satiation, and informing others + monitoring

55
Q

Is verbal behaviour learned through learning?

A

Yes

56
Q

What are the two theories of problem-solving?

A

Kaler idea (insight on what the right response is) vs thorndikes (trial and error)

57
Q

What is creativity driven by?

A

Reinforcment!

58
Q

What is conventional behavior driven by?

A

Reinforcment!

59
Q

What is superstition?

A

Any behaviour that is reinforced

60
Q

What can reduce learned helplessness?

A

Problem solving at young age decreases likelihood of learned helplessness

61
Q

How is self-injurious behavior obtained?

A

Negative reinforement

62
Q

How can learning help hallucinations?

A

Reinforce normal behavior

Intro to learning (2 decks)

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