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Intro to learning > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Event and a simple response to it

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Reflex

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3
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

FAP/MAP/Instinct

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4
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Learning

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5
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

awakening (forgotten) of a habituated response

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6
Q

When may spontaneous recovery occur?

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

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7
Q

Natural Selection?

A

Favorable traits accumulate throughout time better suiting species to their environment.

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8
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in copying DNA the cause change in genes that spark change in an individual

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9
Q

What is an example of evolution in the lab?

A

Fruit fly experiment

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10
Q

Are reflexes needed for survival?

A

Yes. Often times we do not know reflexes even occur until they fail. Example: breathing

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11
Q

What is sensitization?

A

The response of a reflex gets associate with something else that is more/less intense then the original case

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12
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeating a reflex response over and over will lessen the intensity of the reaction.

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13
Q

What does FAP stand for?

A

Fixed action patterns

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14
Q

How are FAPs released?

A

Through specific events called releasers (something triggers them)

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15
Q

Is the general behaviour trait stereotypical?

A

NO!

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16
Q

What is a general behvaioural trait heavily influenced by?

A

Genetics (variability)

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17
Q

What is learning?

A

A mechanism for coping with a changing environment

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18
Q

Is learning nature or nuture?

A

BOTH!

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19
Q

What is behaviour?

A

anything measurable and/or observable an organism does

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20
Q

Experience ?

A

Exposure to events that can change behaviour (stimulus)

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21
Q

How are learning and behaviour linked?

A

Learning involves removal, addition, and mofication of behaviour

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22
Q

What are methods of measuring learning?

A

Error in reduction
Change in topography
Change in intensity
Change in speed
Change in latency
Change in frequency (widely used)
Change in fluency

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23
Q

Experiment

A

Variables are manipulated to be able to make solid conclusions. Ethics may determine which variables can be manipulated.

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24
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Cannot make conclusions. Environment is same and variables are not manipulated. Generalizable.

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25
Q

Correlational design

A

Looks at relationships between variables

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26
Q

Independent variables?

A

The variables that stay the same throughout the duration of the experiement (cause)

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27
Q

Dependent variables?

A

Results (what is being measured) (effect)

28
Q

Why do we use animals?

A

Ethics

29
Q

What are the three roles of science?

A

Describe, predict, explain

30
Q

Deductive research?

A

Logical approach and making conclusions

31
Q

Inductive research?

A

Search for patterns in observations

32
Q

Internal Validity

A

All variables are precise and regulated

33
Q

External validity

A

Experiment is in its natural environment

34
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Compares results with other studies and tries to show relationships

35
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Shows relationship between two variables

36
Q

Voluntary consent

A

Participant must know what will go on in the experiment

37
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants have consented to the experiment

38
Q

What is a conditional reflex (psychic reflex)?

A

Reflex associated with unconditioned relfex (VIA experience)

39
Q

What is a unconditioned reflex?

A

A reflex that is involuntary

40
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

1st stimulus needs to be paired with unconditioned stimulus and all other cs do not

41
Q

What does us cause?

A

UR

42
Q

What does a cs cause?

A

CR

43
Q

is ur always more than cr?

A

yes

44
Q

What are the 4 methods of measuring pavlovian learning?

A

response latency between cs and us
Test trials using cs alone
Response intensity related to cr
Pseudoconditioning and sensitization to strong stimulus

45
Q

What is pseudoconditioning?

A

elicitation of a response by a previously neutral stimulus when it is presented following a series of occurrences of a conditioned stimulus.

46
Q

What are the 4 pair methods?

A

Trace pairing
Delayed pairing
simulateous pairing (Doesnt work)
Backward pairing (doesnt work)

47
Q

Contingency

A

stimulus that certain events will occur

48
Q

Contiguity

A

associate between stimulus and feeling

49
Q

Variables affecting pavlovian conditioning

A

Stimulus features
prior experience with the cs/us
number of cs-us pairings
internal-trial interval
age, stress, etc.

50
Q

Preparatory response theory

A

theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US which allows for situations in which the CR and the UR are different.

51
Q

Who is John B Watson?

A

Studied fear and implemented psychological techniques in ads for macy’s

52
Q

What was fear originally thought to be associated with?

A

Lack of intelligence

53
Q

Conditioned emotional response?

A

Emotions paired with objects

54
Q

What is a phobia?

A

A persistent, irrational, and disruptive fear of a object, activity, or situation.

55
Q

Conditioned suppression

A

Reduction of the rate of an ongoing behavior due to exposure to an aversive CS.

56
Q

What was the us, ur, cs, and cr in the Little Albert experiments?

A

us- loud noise
ur- cry
cs - rat
cr - cry at rat

57
Q

Systematic desensitization?

A

ask participants to think of the least threatening version of a phobia and slowing greaten the intensity of it until it is overcome.

58
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Conditioned emotional response

59
Q

How do you get rid of prejudice?

A

Positive association

60
Q

What do ads do?

A

Play on your emotions

61
Q

What are the different examples of paraphilias?

A

voyerism, exhibitionism, fetishism, sadism, masochism, pedophilia, rape

62
Q

How would you get rid of a paraphilias?

A

Aversian therapy

63
Q

What is taste aversion?

A

Pairing something with a taste of food

64
Q

Latent inhibition?

A

Eat new food once. 1 bad experience will be enough for you not to eat it again

65
Q

Example of taste aversion?

A

Coyotes

66
Q

Can you have a real allergic reaction to something that you may not really be allergic to?

A

yes

67
Q

What are two drawbacks to natural selection?

A

Slow and always focused on the past

Intro to learning (2 decks)

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