Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Event and a simple response to it

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Reflex

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3
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

FAP/MAP/Instinct

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4
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Learning

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5
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

awakening (forgotten) of a habituated response

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6
Q

When may spontaneous recovery occur?

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

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7
Q

Natural Selection?

A

Favorable traits accumulate throughout time better suiting species to their environment.

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8
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in copying DNA the cause change in genes that spark change in an individual

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9
Q

What is an example of evolution in the lab?

A

Fruit fly experiment

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10
Q

Are reflexes needed for survival?

A

Yes. Often times we do not know reflexes even occur until they fail. Example: breathing

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11
Q

What is sensitization?

A

The response of a reflex gets associate with something else that is more/less intense then the original case

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12
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeating a reflex response over and over will lessen the intensity of the reaction.

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13
Q

What does FAP stand for?

A

Fixed action patterns

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14
Q

How are FAPs released?

A

Through specific events called releasers (something triggers them)

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15
Q

Is the general behaviour trait stereotypical?

A

NO!

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16
Q

What is a general behvaioural trait heavily influenced by?

A

Genetics (variability)

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17
Q

What is learning?

A

A mechanism for coping with a changing environment

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18
Q

Is learning nature or nuture?

A

BOTH!

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19
Q

What is behaviour?

A

anything measurable and/or observable an organism does

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20
Q

Experience ?

A

Exposure to events that can change behaviour (stimulus)

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21
Q

How are learning and behaviour linked?

A

Learning involves removal, addition, and mofication of behaviour

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22
Q

What are methods of measuring learning?

A

Error in reduction
Change in topography
Change in intensity
Change in speed
Change in latency
Change in frequency (widely used)
Change in fluency

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23
Q

Experiment

A

Variables are manipulated to be able to make solid conclusions. Ethics may determine which variables can be manipulated.

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24
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Cannot make conclusions. Environment is same and variables are not manipulated. Generalizable.

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25
Correlational design
Looks at relationships between variables
26
Independent variables?
The variables that stay the same throughout the duration of the experiement (cause)
27
Dependent variables?
Results (what is being measured) (effect)
28
Why do we use animals?
Ethics
29
What are the three roles of science?
Describe, predict, explain
30
Deductive research?
Logical approach and making conclusions
31
Inductive research?
Search for patterns in observations
32
Internal Validity
All variables are precise and regulated
33
External validity
Experiment is in its natural environment
34
Meta-analysis
Compares results with other studies and tries to show relationships
35
Correlation coefficient
Shows relationship between two variables
36
Voluntary consent
Participant must know what will go on in the experiment
37
Informed consent
Participants have consented to the experiment
38
What is a conditional reflex (psychic reflex)?
Reflex associated with unconditioned relfex (VIA experience)
39
What is a unconditioned reflex?
A reflex that is involuntary
40
What is higher order conditioning?
1st stimulus needs to be paired with unconditioned stimulus and all other cs do not
41
What does us cause?
UR
42
What does a cs cause?
CR
43
is ur always more than cr?
yes
44
What are the 4 methods of measuring pavlovian learning?
response latency between cs and us Test trials using cs alone Response intensity related to cr Pseudoconditioning and sensitization to strong stimulus
45
What is pseudoconditioning?
elicitation of a response by a previously neutral stimulus when it is presented following a series of occurrences of a conditioned stimulus.
46
What are the 4 pair methods?
Trace pairing Delayed pairing simulateous pairing (Doesnt work) Backward pairing (doesnt work)
47
Contingency
stimulus that certain events will occur
48
Contiguity
associate between stimulus and feeling
49
Variables affecting pavlovian conditioning
Stimulus features prior experience with the cs/us number of cs-us pairings internal-trial interval age, stress, etc.
50
Preparatory response theory
theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US which allows for situations in which the CR and the UR are different.
51
Who is John B Watson?
Studied fear and implemented psychological techniques in ads for macy's
52
What was fear originally thought to be associated with?
Lack of intelligence
53
Conditioned emotional response?
Emotions paired with objects
54
What is a phobia?
A persistent, irrational, and disruptive fear of a object, activity, or situation.
55
Conditioned suppression
Reduction of the rate of an ongoing behavior due to exposure to an aversive CS.
56
What was the us, ur, cs, and cr in the Little Albert experiments?
us- loud noise ur- cry cs - rat cr - cry at rat
57
Systematic desensitization?
ask participants to think of the least threatening version of a phobia and slowing greaten the intensity of it until it is overcome.
58
What is prejudice?
Conditioned emotional response
59
How do you get rid of prejudice?
Positive association
60
What do ads do?
Play on your emotions
61
What are the different examples of paraphilias?
voyerism, exhibitionism, fetishism, sadism, masochism, pedophilia, rape
62
How would you get rid of a paraphilias?
Aversian therapy
63
What is taste aversion?
Pairing something with a taste of food
64
Latent inhibition?
Eat new food once. 1 bad experience will be enough for you not to eat it again
65
Example of taste aversion?
Coyotes
66
Can you have a real allergic reaction to something that you may not really be allergic to?
yes
67
What are two drawbacks to natural selection?
Slow and always focused on the past