Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is behaviour modification?
implies the intentional or structured use of conditioning or learning procedures to modify behavior
What is habituation?
- prevents chronic stimuli from frightening an animal
- gets used to it
- can be distracting, aversive or neutral
- classical conditioning
What would cause an animal to have an emotional activation?
an unconditioned stimulus (like a loud bang)
What would cause an animal to have a weakened emotional activation?
an unconditioned stimulus with repetitive presentations
What would cause an animal to have no emotional activation?
an unconditioned stimulus with repetitive presentations
What is desensitization?
an intentional or structured habituation program (doesn’t cause stress)
What is flooding?
when the stimulus or stimuli are presented repetitively at full strength (marked distress then gives up) – can cause learned helplessness
What continues the process of habituation?
must be periodically exposed to the stimuli (requires maintenance)
What is systemic desensitization?
gradual habituation (slow exposure to the unhabituated fears)
- can be fears/phobias acquired by classical conditioning
What happened with Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment?
dog had a tube it would salivate into – bell rang when person came in to feed it which caused salivation – thought it was a psychic or learned reflex but is CC
What is the moro reflex?
when a baby grabs at something – goes away with time
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
naturally and involuntarily causes a response
ex. the food in pavlov’s experiment
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
ex. feeling of hunger in response to food
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
a previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually triggers a conditional response
ex. sound of bell makes dog salivate as it normally associated it with food
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
ex. phobia of something – bad experience flying then gets anxious about getting on a plane
What are 2 other terms for classical conditioning?
- associative learning
- respondent conditioning
appetitive vs aversive
appetitive: positive response – satisfy needs
aversive: negative emotional reaction
acquisition vs extinction
acquisition: with repeated pairings of CS and US, CR becomes more reliable and grows in magnitude
extinction: If CS is presented without the US, then the CR becomes weaker in strength and occurs less reliably
***important that they’re paired every so often (charge the clicker)
CS + US = CR
What is a conditioned suppression?
a CS paired with an aversive US (ex. electric shock)
***fight, flight or freeze
- comparing the rates of behaviour with and without the presence of the conditioned aversive
What is an excitatory CS?
it more or less reliably predicts a US (effective in producing a CR)
What is an inhibitory CS?
CS that reliably predicts no US (predicts response opposite to the CR)
What is the spread of excitation or inhibition and its effect stimulus?
irradiation – generalization
What is discrimination learning (aka differentiation)?
when no US (food) is presented to a new stimulus (bell A) and the CS (bell B) is presented at other times with a US (food), then response the the new stimulus gradually fades
What are some examples of US’?
food, electric shock, puff of air to the eye, brain stimulation, loud noise, caffeine in a cup of coffee – EFFECTIVE if evokes a reasonably strong bodily response
***more intense it is, the easier it is to produce a CR (limits)
What are some examples of CS’?
almost anything: tastes
- intensity/salience is important to establishing it
What is salience?
the intensity – if something is more salient than another, it could over shadow it
What are control procedures?
they ensure that CR’s that occur are due to the pairing of some CS with some US and not to something else (ex. bell on door)
What is pseudoconditioning?
it looks like associative learning but theres no association performed (a misinterpretation)
- occurs when a CS produces a response that looks like a CR but without pairing with a US
- need to know its actually associated with the US presented
ex. air puff (US) to produce an eye blink (UR)
What is S-S (stimulus-stimulus) association?
the appearance of a CR meant that the CS had become a substitute for the US (ex. when a light is paired with food, they lick the light) (pavlov)
What is S-R (stimulus-response) association?
an association between the CS and the last response made to it (buzzer+bag pop = fear)
How would food act in operant vs classical?
op: reward for the CR
cla: an elicitor that produces a strong CR by producing a strong UR (responses are not maintained by their consequences**)
What is a simultaneous temporal paradigm?
when the CS happens the US follows very promptly
What is a delayed temporal paradigm?
When the CS happens and continues then the US happenes
What is a trace temporal paradigm?
When the CS happens and theres anticipation for the US (nice and food) ***pavlov found to be the fastest
What is a backwards temporal paradigm?
US happens then the CS happens (renders the CS inhibitory)
What is operant conditioning?
when a response is shown to be more frequent as a function of the consequence it produces
What are respondents?
behaviours that are elicited by a specific stimuli
What is the ABC in operant?
antecedent, behaviour and consequence
What do reinforcers or punishers do?
they increase or decrease the frequency of a behaviour
(primary = food // secondary = clicker)
- positive or negative
- punishment is more temporary (easier to figure out what to do if someone tells you everything you’re doing right instead of what you’re doing wrong)
- punishment can get saved up and reappears when ends (ex. dog gets on couch when you leave for work)
What is a bridging stimulus?
used to signal that reinforcement is coming (anticipatory – like the clicker)
Positive vs negative punishment
+: presentation of an aversive stimulus
-: removal of a pleasurable stimulus
What is punishment
the presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a pleasurable stimulus after an undesirable behaviour has occurred (decreases the likelihood of a behaviour from happening again)
What is interactive punishment?
- associates an unpleasant stimulus with a person
- may evoke aggression
- ex. owner hits dog or makes a loud noise when it does something bad
What is remote punishment?
when the connection between the punishing stimulus and the person responsible for the punishment is removed (out of sight punishing)
- ex. automatically activating collar when it does something bad
What is social punishment?
- negative punishment
- removing a rewarding stimulus
- kinda like grounding or a time out
What is successive approximation?
slow teaching with rewards - modify or create a behaviour - good if animal is naturally curious - any increment that approaches the goal becomes the new threshold
What is luring/baiting?
when the animal can see the food and requires it/cannot do the task without it or won’t do the task if its not present
What is chaining?
when you shape a behaviour and add it onto a chain of behaviours to complete
What is a heterogenous chain?
has multiple types of behaviours (vs homo with only 1 type of behaviour)
What are the 2 things that schedules of reinforcement are based on?
- time (interval)
- response (ratio)
What are fixed interval schedules?
it reinforces the first response that occurs after a set period of time has passed (reinforce after x time has passed)
- as the time nears, the frequency increases then after the reinforcement it decreases for a while
- ex. down stay
What are variable interval schedules?
provide reinforcement for the 1st response occurring after some average period of time
- can change time of intervals
- response is either moderate or fairly constant
What are fixed ratio schedules?
requires that a given # of responses are made before reinforcement is delivered
- FR20 = requires 20 responses for each reinforcement
- each reinforcement is followed by a pause and hen a high steady rate of responding
What are variable ratio schedules?
when the reinforcement is delivered after a varying # of responses, depending on the average requirement of the schedule
- induces dopamine as they don’t know when its coming (quick rewards in short succession)
What is extinction?
when a behaviour comes to an end (conditioned operant response)
What is the best way to maintain a behaviour?
by reinforcement on a variable (usually VR) schedule
What is instinctive drift?
when an animal reverts to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with the learned behaviour from operant conditioning
What are some ways dogs show aggression?
growling, baring teeth, snapping (no contact), biting (contact with or without puncture)
- during play or aroused states
- not curable but can be controllable (must be managed properly)
- 80% in males
- castration can reduce some aggression but not all
- common to have 2 or more types
What kinds of aggression are more common in male than female dogs?
dominance related and territorial aggression
What is conflict aggression?
when the dog appears to be in conflict with regard to aggressive tendencies
What are some types of aggression towards people?
- dominance related aggression (most common)
- aggression towards children
- fear related aggression
- pain related aggression
- territorial aggression
- abnormal or idiopathic aggression
What are some reasons that aggression can be occuring?
- brain lesions (rare)
- reinforcement
- other dogs
- intruders etc.
What is an affective state?
longer lasting emotions/feelings (accumulation of experiences)
Which breed may have a genetic disposition to idiopathic aggression / episodic or dysfunctional rage?
english springer spaniels
What is a syndrome?
a grouping of symptoms but with no known cause