Midterm 2 Flashcards
What were the differences and similarities between the Monty Robinson and Daniel Tschetter case?
-both intoxicated when they killed someone
-Monty was police officer and killed 1 and got no time
-Daniel killed 5 and got 8 years
Where can the Canadian police be traced back to?
-English society
Prior to the 11th century in England, was there a regular police force?
-no, there wasn’t a regular force
What is the frankpledge?
-a peace pledge system that was voluntary
-where ten families formed tithing
-tithing’s grouped into hundreds
-affected by bubonic plague
What did the hundreds of tithings become?
-coalesced into shires (counties)
What would the top law enforcement officer become known as during frankpledge?
-shire-reeve (sheriff)
What happened in the 13th century to this constable-watch system?
-formalized by the statute of Westminister
What did each parish consist of?
-constable and unpaid watchmen
When did the peace pledge system last until?
-18th century
How long did it take for London to get a policing system?
-mid 1700s
Before London had police, who would police the citizens?
-military
What happened in 1748?
-Henry Fielding created professional law enforcement organization
What happened in 1829?
-Sir Robert Peel passed London Metropolitan Police Act
-established 3200 person professional police force
What were Bobbies expected to do?
-reduce tension and conflict
-non-violent means with violence only used as a last resort
-relieve the military from controlling crime
-judged on the basis of the absence of crime
The Bobbies form of policing spread throughout where?
-England, Australia, USA and Canada
According to Ruddell, what are the four eras of policing in Canada?
-pre-modern era (prior to 1820)
-political era (1820-1940)
-professional era (1940-1980)
-community era (1980-present)
What three types of informal social control did Indigenous peoples use during the pre-modern era?
-shaming, ostracism and compensation for victims
What punishments did Indigenous people give for crime doers during the pre-modern era?
-physical punishment and execution
What happened in the 1700s and 1800s in Canada during the pre-modern era?
-established constable and justices to maintain peace
-some private policing existed with the Hudson Bay Company
What did local politicians do during the political era?
-established police services and frequently interfered in policing
What model was implemented during the political era?
-peel model
What happened in 1920 during the political era?
-the North-West Mounted Police was established and became the RCMP
-following a paramilitary structure
What ensued after the RCMP were created in the political era?
-patchwork of policing
What is known as the traditional model?
-professional era
What does the professional era focus on?
-objectivity
-science
-freedom from political influence
What was eventually provided for the officers during the professional era?
-uniforms and vehicles
What happened to professional associations during the professional era?
-they were slowly implemented
-except the RCMP
What happened in 2015 to the RCMP?
-the Supreme Court decided the RCMP should be allowed to have a union
What were the three focuses during the community era?
- Citizen involvement
- Problem-solving
- Decentralization
What was the main goal of the community era?
-focus on getting the public to help with regulation
What were early police forces interested in?
-maintaining public order
-preventing and controlling crime
-providing community services
During the municipal policing, how did they initially communicate?
-used police runners
When did patrol vehicles get introduced during municipal policing?
-1920
When did fingerprinting get introduced during municipal policing?
-1911
When did criminal record system and a toxicological analyses get introduced during municipal policing?
-post 1920s
What was the most important development during the municipal policing era?
-officers were separated from the community
What are the 5 reasons separating the police from the community was significant?
- Emphasized crime fighting
- Police become specialized
- Spent less time on foot
- Crime rates, service calls and response times determined police operations
- Officers were recruited on the basis of psychological factors and civil service testing
How many police were there in Canada in 2015?
-68,000
What percentage of the police in 2015 were municipal?
-67%
How many police worked for the provincial government and the RCMP in Canada in 2015?
-9,600
-4000
How many employees does the RCMP have?
-26,000
How many RCMP officers are there and how many volunteers?
-18,000
-75,000
What are the two ways to determine how large a police presence should be?
-population to police officer ratio
-compare number of criminal code incidents to number of police in any force
Which organization is a bureaucracy?
-police force
What emerged in the 1930s?
-professional model of policing
-remained until 1970s
What are the four main ideas within the professional model?
- Hierarchical differentiation
- Function differentiation
- Routinization
- Centralization of command
What happened to Robert Dziekanski?
-was from Poland came to Vancouver airport in 2007
-was held for 10 hours
-tazed by 4-5 people
What did the Braid wood inquiry conclude?
-police not justified in using a taser
-officers misrepresented themselves to investigators
Are tasers lethal? What did Taser International argue?
-apparently they are non-lethal
Where have tasers become common?
-RCMP
-police services
What does Kershaw argue about tasers?
-tasers have saved over 4000 lives in NA
What have critics pointed out about tasers?
-rarely been tested by impartial parties
What did the British government say in 2002?
-tasers are not safe
What is the definition of the social contract perspective?
-emphasizes importance of neutrality in policing society
-key to protect society and enforce law
What is the definition of the radical perspective?
-police acting on part of ruling class
-considered repressive instrument in society
What has happened in a post 9-11 era?
-racial profiling
-a problem
When does racial profiling take place?
-when police move from standard practice of case probability to class probability
What is case probability?
-when you get witnesses who are likely to have perpetuated the crime
What is class probability?
-when you stick to a certain group because you believe they are more prone to crime
Supporters of what support racial profiling?
-crime control model
What does discretion involve?
-police using independent judgement to deal with crime
Why is discretion a necessary part of policing?
-it is impossible to create a set of rules for every scenario they may face
What happened in 1988?
-Supreme Court ruled that discretion is part of an officers’ position
-cannot be applied arbitrarily
What three factors are influential when an officer decides to intervene in an event?
- Serious/type of crime involved
- Attitude of the citizen
- Department policies specify how discretion is to be applied
What variables can affect an officers decision to arrest?
-many variables
-situational, community, and extralegal factors
What are the 5 situational variables?
- Seriousness of crime
- Strength of evidence
- Preference of victim
- Relationship between victim and suspect
- Demeanour of suspect
What are the 4 community variables?
- Minority and working-class communities
- Officers perception of danger (more danger = greater likelihood of arrest)
- Citizens attitude towards police (model of troubled areas)
- Community legal culture (desires of community)
What are extralegal factors?
-race, class and gender
-mandatory arrest
What did Bienvenue and Latif say?
-Aboriginal people more likely to be arrested for all offences except drug and traffic violations
What are the two aspects of police subculture?
-positive and negative
What is positive police subculture?
-sense of collectiveness
-helps officers deal with stress, control inappropriate actions and informal teaching tool to learn the “craft”
What is the negative police subculture?
-resistance to change
-support for rights violations
-misuse of authority
-resistance to accountability
What six values are said to exist that bond police together?
- Police only real crime fighters
- No one understands real nature of police
- Loyalty to colleagues
- Rules need to be bent (for officers)
- Public is unreasonable and unsupportive
- Detective work better than patrol work
What do officers do to deal with their supervisors and members of the community?
-they’re suspicious
-“maintain the edge” (read people accurately)
-“laying low” (not catching attention of supervisor)
What is a part of the unique personality possessed by police?
-cynicism
-hostility
-dogmatism
-conservatism
What is concerning about a police personality?
-poor relationships with community
-police deviance
-greater use of deadly force
Is the police personality a result of socialization or predisposition?
-value orientation that is socialized
What did Niederhoffer say about the police personality?
-new officers least cynical
-become cynical in first few months
-less cynical near retirement
What have personality differences demonstrated with educational backgrounds?
-they affect personality differences
What were less educated officers more likely to be?
-authoritarian
-conservative
-rigid
What were officers with degrees more likely to possess?
-professionalism
-initiative
-fewer complainants
What is deadly force?
-force used with intent to cause bodily injury or death
What were police allowed to do until 1995?
-shoot a fleeing felon
Why were police allowed to shoot a fleeing felon?
-authorized by parliament
-officers believe on reasonable grounds force is necessary to protect self from death or bodily harm
Why was the jurisdiction on shooting a felon problematic?
-unclear what is as much force as necessary
-how much force?
-police are placed in difficult position
In order to control the use of deadly-force by the police, what two mechanisms have been implemented?
- Reasonableness standard (difficult to attain convictions)
- Legislation to force cooperation in cases of death, injury or other force
What province has the highest rate of deadly force?
-Northwest Territories
Where are the most incidents of deadly force reported?
-Quebec and Ontario
What are the most important factors over why someone uses deadly force?
-lack of community cohesion
-organizational values of force
-training
What are one of the things the police have been criticized for?
-not meeting the needs of contemporary society
What does the top down approach lead to?
-an overlap of responsibilities
-fails to promote personal ingenuity
What is police efficiency measured by?
-response times and arrest rates
What are response times adversely affected by?
-time it takes for citizens to call them
-management of demand/differential response
What are cons of using arrest rates for efficiency?
Not ideal way to measure efficiency or deter crime because:
-much crime not reported
-many people arrested but not prosecuted
What is seen as an alternative to using arrest rates?
- Clearance rates
- Number of arrests that lead to successful prosecution
- Fear reduction (but fear isn’t linked to risk/crime)
What do the police role encompass?
-rights and responsibilities with a particular position
-role expectations and conflicts
-occupy conflicting roles (social agent and crime fighter)
What did Muir note as the different styles of policing?
-professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, avoiders
What did Wilson note as the four styles of policing?
-social agent
-watchman
-law enforcer
-crime fighter
What is the backbone of policing?
-patrol
When was patrol introduced and by whom?
-Peel in 1829
What is the purpose of patrol?
- Deter crime
- Maintain public order and sense of security
- Provide 24-hour services
What does much police working involve?
-activities unrelated to crime
-80% of all calls are neighbourhood disputes, animal control, noise complaints, and locating lost children
What is incident-driven policing AKA?
-reactive policing
What is incident-driven policing?
-police react to citizens calls for help
What is proactive policing?
-police crack down on drug trade, prostitution, or fencing stings
-acting, often interacting with criminals before crime occurs
Is it clear whether patrol officers arrests actually deter crime?
-no
What are directed patrol?
-when police time is spent at certain locations
How effective is directed patrolling?
-reducing car thefts and robberies
-but do they merely displace criminals
What are hot spots?
-busiest spots
What type of patrols were the main type until the 1930s?
-foot patrols until cars came out
-re-emerged in 1970s
What did the Flint Neighbourhood Foot Patrol Program do?
-implemented in 1970s
-reduced crime slightly
-generated confidence in police and reduced fear of crime
What did Kansas City do in 1972-73?
-Kansas City preventative patrol experiment
-three types of patrols: reactive, proactive, and control
What was the result of the Kansas City experiment?
-different types of patrol didn’t affect anything
-crime rates, citizens attitude towards officer, fear of crime, rates of reported crime
What are the three explanations for why these police patrols are ineffective?
- Patrols are spread out
- Many crimes cannot be prevented by police
- Some criminals not affected by patrols (displacement)
What does investigating crime involve?
-obtaining information to recreate the circumstances of a crime
What do criminal investigations usually include?
-preliminary investigation
-follow up investigation
Who makes the most arrests?
-about 8/10 patrol officers make the most arrests
-rather than detectives
What are the many concerns about policing expressed by Canadians?
-patrols, detectives, arrests, reactive policing and private security forces do not seem to reduce crime
What is swatting?
-form of hatred, send fake email to mayor or police saying someone will commit terrorism
-targets minorities
What is the broken windows model?
-Kelling and Wilson 82
-police and neighbourhood safety
What were the findings of the broken windows model?
- Neighbourhood disorder creates fear
- Disorder sends out crime-promoting signals
- Police get involved at first signs of deterioration
What leads to zero tolerance policy?
-broken windows policing
What is problem-oriented policing?
-direct resources at cause of crime
-emphasis on partnership with people in community to determine what’s going wrong
-policing hot spots using business owners and residents
-Kansas City gun project
What is the Kansas City Gun Project 92-93?
-program to deter gun carrying in hot spot areas
-saw major decrease in this crime
What is community policing?
-building stronger communities that police themselves
-decentralized mini-stations
-community partnerships
-embraces issues of disorder, decay, fear of crime and maintenance
What is zero-tolerance?
-order maintenance
-crime attack model
-communities may not be able to police themselves
-concentrates on specific types of crime
-place-specific oriented
-favours existing command structure
Remake chart for types of policing in police operations lecture!
Did this!
What is intelligence led policing?
-policing risk society during the information age
What did intelligence led policing do?
-used computer assisted programs for identifying high crime places and recidivists
-predictive policing
-global scope
What were the three main goals of intelligence led policing?
-target recidivists
-manage hot spots
-develop multiagency partnerships
Is it easy to validly and reliably measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the police?
-no, not easy
In the summary section, what are the basic functions of the police?
-patrol and investigate crime
Is there consensus regarding the most effective policing style?
-no, there isn’t consensus
Quiz yourself on the RCMP video?
-okay, I did it
What is the Reid technique’s main principles?
- Theme
- Isolation
- Minimization (negative effects of confessing)
What is the most important piece of evidence for police?
-confession
