midterm 2 Flashcards
1-What does cause glomerular filtration in the nephron ?
1-Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure
2-Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
3-Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure
4-Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
5-Active transport of the fluid
4-Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
2-Which of the following statements about antidiuretic hormone is true
1-It is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland
2-It increases salt and water reabsorption in the collecting tubules and ducts
3-It stimulates thirst
4-It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality
4-It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality
3-A man eats a low carbohydrate meal rich in proteins containing the amino acids that stimulate insulin secretion . Which of the following responses accounts for the absence of hypoglycemia ?
1-Suppression of growth hormone 2-Suppression of somatomedin C secretion 3-Stimulation of cortisol secretion 4-Stimulation of glucagon secretion 5-Stimulation of epinephrine secretion
4-Stimulation of glucagon secretion
4-Which of the following hormones is both synthesized and stored in the pituitary gland ?
1-Growth hormone ( GH ) 2-releasing hormone ( GHRH ) 3-ADH 4-Somatostatin 5-Somatomedin
1-Growth hormone ( GH )
5-If the average hydrostatic pressure in t glomerular capillaries is 50 mm Hg , the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s space is 12 mm Hg , the average colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 30 mm Hg , and there is no protein in the glomerular ultrafiltrate , what is the net pressure driving glomerular filtration ?
8 mm Hg 32 mm Hg 48 mm Hg 60 mm Hg 92 mm Hg
8 mm Hg
6-Seven days after ovulation , pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) decreases rapidly . What is the cause of this decrease in secretion ?
1-The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropinreleasing hormone ( GnRH )
2-Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus
3-The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH
4-Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH
5-None of the above
4-Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH
7-When do progesterone levels rise to their highest point during the fernale hormonal cycle ? *
1-Between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation.
2-Immediately before ovulation.
3-When the blood concentration of luteinizing hormone is at its highest point.
4-When 12 primary follicles are developing to the antral stage.
1-Between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation.
8-In controlling aldosterone secretion , angiotensin II acts on which of the following structures ?
1-Zona glomerulosa
2-Zona fasciculata
3-Zona reticularis
4-Adrenal medulla
1-Zona glomerulosa
9- Some cells secrete chemicals into the extracellular fluid that act on cells in the same tissue . Which of the following refers to this type of regulation ? “
1-Neural Endocrine
2-Neuroendocrine
3-Paracrine
4-Autocrine
3-Paracrine
10-Which of the following would likely lead to hyponatremia ? *
1-Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion
2-Restriction of fluid intake
3-Excess aldosterone secretion
4-Administration of 2 L of 3 % sodium chloride solution
5-Administration of 2 L of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution
1-Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion
11-Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones plays a major role in the regulation of a nonendocrine target gland ? *
1-Adrenocorticotropic hormone 2-Thyroid - stimulating hormone 3-Prolactin 4-Follicle - stimulating hormone 5-Luteinizing hormone
3-Prolactin
12-Which of the following is most likely to produce the greatest increase in insulin secretion ? *
1-Amino acids
2-Amino acids and glucose
3-Amino acids and somatostatin
4-Glucose and somatostatin
2-Amino acids and glucose
13-Which of the following would cause the greatest degree of hyperkalemia ?
1-Increase in potassium intake from 60 to 180 mmol / day in a person with normal kidneys and a normal aldosterone system
2-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone
3-Decrease in sodium intake from 200 to 100 mmol / day
4-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits loop of Henle Na + -2CI – K + co - transport
5-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts
2-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone
Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation . What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH ?
1-Testosterone
2-Inhibin
3-Estrogen
4-Luteinizing hormone
2-Inhibin
Which of the following would be expected in a patient with a genetic deficiency in 113 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 ?
1-Increased mineralocorticoid activity
2-Increased glucocorticoid activity
3-Decreased blood pressure
4-Hypoglycemia
1-Increased mineralocorticoid activity
Where is the loop of Henle located ? * In the nephron In the duodenum In the heart In the pancreas In the pituitary gland
In the nephron
Which of the following increases the rate of excretion of calcium ions by the kidney ?
1-Metabolic alkalosis
2-Decrease in calcitonin concentration in the plasma
3-Increase in phosphate ion concentration in the plasma
4-Decrease in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone
4-Decrease in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone
As menstruation ends estrogen levels in the blood rise rapidly What is the source of the estrogen ?
1-Corpus luteum 2-Developing follicles . 3-Endometrium 4-Stromal cells of the ovaries 5-Anterior pituitary gland
2-Developing follicles .
A 46 - year - old man has “ puffy “ skin and is lethargic . His plasma thyroid stimulating hormone concentration is low and increases markedly when he is given thyrotropin - releasing hormone . Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis ? *
1-Hyperthyroidism due to a thyroid tumor
2-Hyperthyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus
3-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the thyroid
4-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus
5-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the pituitary
4-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus
Which of the following hormones is largely unbound to plasma proteins ? *
1-Cortisol 2-Thyroxine ( T4 ) 3-Antidiuretic hormone 4-Estradiol 5-Progesterone
3-Antidiuretic hormone
After menopause , hormone replacement therapy with estrogen - like compounds is effective in preventing the progression of osteoporosis . What is the mechanism of their protective effect ?
1-They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
2-They increase absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract 3-They stimulate calcium reabsorption by the renal tubules
4-They stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion by the parathyroid gland
1-They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
How many capillary beds does renal blood circulation have ? * 1-One 2-Two 3-Three 4-Four 5-Five
2-Two
Which of the following changes would be expected to occur with increased binding of a hormone to plasma proteins ?
1-Increase in plasma clearance of the hormone
2-Decrease in half - life of the hormone Increase in hormone activity
3-Increase in degree of negative feedback exerted by the hormone
4-Increase in plasma reservoir for rapid replenishment of free hormone
4-Increase in plasma reservoir for rapid replenishment of free hormone
Which of the following is filtered most readily by the glomerular capillaries ?
1-Albumin in plasma
2-Neutral dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
3-Polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
4-Polyanionic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
5-Red blood cells
3-Polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
In order for male differentiation to occur during embryonic development , testosterone must be secreted from the testes . What stimulates the secretion of testosterone during embryonic development ?
1-Luteinizing hormone from the maternal pituitary gland
2-Human chorionic gonadotropin
3-Inhibin from the corpus luteum
4-Gonadotropin - releasing hormone from the embryo’s hypothalamus
2-Human chorionic gonadotropin
How many layers does the glomerular capillary membrane have ? *
1-One 2-Two 3-Three 4-Four 5-Five
3-Three
A professional athlete in her mid - 20s has not had a menstrual cycle for 5 years , although a bone density scan revealed normal skeletal mineralization . Which of the following facts revealed during the taking of her medical history may explain these observations ? *
1-She consumes a high - carbohydrate diet
2-Her grandmother suffered a hip fracture at age 79
3-Her blood pressure is greater than normal .
4-Her plasma estrogen concentration is very low
5-She has been taking anabolic steroid supplements for 5 years
5-She has been taking anabolic steroid supplements for 5 years
Which of the following findings would likely be reported in a patient with a deficiency in iodine intake ?
Weight loss Nervousness Increased sweating Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin Tachycardia
Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin
A 40 - year - old woman is placed on a high - potassium diet for several weeks . Which of the following hormonal changes is most likely to occur ?
Increased secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone
Increased secretion of cortisol
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Decreased secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone
Increased secretion of aldosterone
After birth , the pressure in the pulmonary artery decreases greatly . What is the cause of this ?
Systemic arterial pressure increases
Ductus arteriosus closes
Left ventricular pressure increases
Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases
Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases
Exposure to UV light directly facilitates which of the following ? *
Conversion of cholesterol to cholicalciferol
Conversion of 25 - hydroxycholicalciferol to 1,25 dihydroxycholicalciferol
Transport of calcium into the extracellular fluid
Formation of calcium binding protein
Storage of vitamin D3 in the liver
Conversion of cholesterol to cholicalciferol
If a patient has a creatinine clearance of 90 ml / min , a urine flow rate of 1 ml / min , a plasma K + concentration of 4 mEq / L , and a urine K + concentration of 60 mEq / L , what is the approximate rate of K + excretion ?
0.06 mEq / min
0.30 mEq / min
0.36 mEq / min
3.6 mEq / min
60 mEq / min
0.06 mEq / min
