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physiology > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

1-What does cause glomerular filtration in the nephron ?

1-Bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic pressure
2-Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
3-Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure
4-Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
5-Active transport of the fluid

A

4-Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

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2
Q

2-Which of the following statements about antidiuretic hormone is true

1-It is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland
2-It increases salt and water reabsorption in the collecting tubules and ducts
3-It stimulates thirst
4-It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality

A

4-It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality

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3
Q

3-A man eats a low carbohydrate meal rich in proteins containing the amino acids that stimulate insulin secretion . Which of the following responses accounts for the absence of hypoglycemia ?

1-Suppression of growth hormone 
2-Suppression of somatomedin C secretion 
3-Stimulation of cortisol secretion 
4-Stimulation of glucagon secretion 
5-Stimulation of epinephrine secretion
A

4-Stimulation of glucagon secretion

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4
Q

4-Which of the following hormones is both synthesized and stored in the pituitary gland ?

1-Growth hormone ( GH ) 
2-releasing hormone ( GHRH ) 
3-ADH 
4-Somatostatin 
5-Somatomedin
A

1-Growth hormone ( GH )

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5
Q

5-If the average hydrostatic pressure in t glomerular capillaries is 50 mm Hg , the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s space is 12 mm Hg , the average colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 30 mm Hg , and there is no protein in the glomerular ultrafiltrate , what is the net pressure driving glomerular filtration ?

8 mm Hg 
32 mm Hg 
48 mm Hg 
60 mm Hg 
92 mm Hg
A

8 mm Hg

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6
Q

6-Seven days after ovulation , pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) decreases rapidly . What is the cause of this decrease in secretion ?

1-The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropinreleasing hormone ( GnRH )

2-Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus

3-The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH

4-Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH

5-None of the above

A

4-Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH

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7
Q

7-When do progesterone levels rise to their highest point during the fernale hormonal cycle ? *

1-Between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation.

2-Immediately before ovulation.

3-When the blood concentration of luteinizing hormone is at its highest point.

4-When 12 primary follicles are developing to the antral stage.

A

1-Between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation.

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8
Q

8-In controlling aldosterone secretion , angiotensin II acts on which of the following structures ?

1-Zona glomerulosa
2-Zona fasciculata
3-Zona reticularis
4-Adrenal medulla

A

1-Zona glomerulosa

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9
Q

9- Some cells secrete chemicals into the extracellular fluid that act on cells in the same tissue . Which of the following refers to this type of regulation ? “

1-Neural Endocrine
2-Neuroendocrine
3-Paracrine
4-Autocrine

A

3-Paracrine

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10
Q

10-Which of the following would likely lead to hyponatremia ? *

1-Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion
2-Restriction of fluid intake
3-Excess aldosterone secretion
4-Administration of 2 L of 3 % sodium chloride solution
5-Administration of 2 L of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution

A

1-Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion

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11
Q

11-Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones plays a major role in the regulation of a nonendocrine target gland ? *

1-Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
2-Thyroid - stimulating hormone 
3-Prolactin 
4-Follicle - stimulating hormone 
5-Luteinizing hormone
A

3-Prolactin

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12
Q

12-Which of the following is most likely to produce the greatest increase in insulin secretion ? *

1-Amino acids
2-Amino acids and glucose
3-Amino acids and somatostatin
4-Glucose and somatostatin

A

2-Amino acids and glucose

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13
Q

13-Which of the following would cause the greatest degree of hyperkalemia ?

1-Increase in potassium intake from 60 to 180 mmol / day in a person with normal kidneys and a normal aldosterone system

2-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone

3-Decrease in sodium intake from 200 to 100 mmol / day

4-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits loop of Henle Na + -2CI – K + co - transport

5-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts

A

2-Chronic treatment with a diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation . What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH ?

1-Testosterone
2-Inhibin
3-Estrogen
4-Luteinizing hormone

A

2-Inhibin

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15
Q

Which of the following would be expected in a patient with a genetic deficiency in 113 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 ?

1-Increased mineralocorticoid activity
2-Increased glucocorticoid activity
3-Decreased blood pressure
4-Hypoglycemia

A

1-Increased mineralocorticoid activity

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16
Q 
Where is the loop of Henle located ? * 
In the nephron
In the duodenum 
In the heart 
In the pancreas 
In the pituitary gland
A

In the nephron

17
Q

Which of the following increases the rate of excretion of calcium ions by the kidney ?

1-Metabolic alkalosis
2-Decrease in calcitonin concentration in the plasma
3-Increase in phosphate ion concentration in the plasma
4-Decrease in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone

A

4-Decrease in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone

18
Q

As menstruation ends estrogen levels in the blood rise rapidly What is the source of the estrogen ?

1-Corpus luteum 
2-Developing follicles  .  
3-Endometrium 
4-Stromal cells of the ovaries 
5-Anterior pituitary gland
A

2-Developing follicles .

19
Q

A 46 - year - old man has “ puffy “ skin and is lethargic . His plasma thyroid stimulating hormone concentration is low and increases markedly when he is given thyrotropin - releasing hormone . Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis ? *

1-Hyperthyroidism due to a thyroid tumor
2-Hyperthyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus
3-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the thyroid
4-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus
5-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the pituitary

A

4-Hypothyroidism due to an abnormality in the hypothalamus

20
Q

Which of the following hormones is largely unbound to plasma proteins ? *

1-Cortisol 
2-Thyroxine ( T4 ) 
3-Antidiuretic hormone 
4-Estradiol 
5-Progesterone
A

3-Antidiuretic hormone

21
Q

After menopause , hormone replacement therapy with estrogen - like compounds is effective in preventing the progression of osteoporosis . What is the mechanism of their protective effect ?

1-They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
2-They increase absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract 3-They stimulate calcium reabsorption by the renal tubules
4-They stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion by the parathyroid gland

A

1-They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts

22
Q 
How many capillary beds does renal blood circulation have ? * 
1-One 
2-Two 
3-Three 
4-Four 
5-Five
A

2-Two

23
Q

Which of the following changes would be expected to occur with increased binding of a hormone to plasma proteins ?
1-Increase in plasma clearance of the hormone
2-Decrease in half - life of the hormone Increase in hormone activity
3-Increase in degree of negative feedback exerted by the hormone
4-Increase in plasma reservoir for rapid replenishment of free hormone

A

4-Increase in plasma reservoir for rapid replenishment of free hormone

24
Q

Which of the following is filtered most readily by the glomerular capillaries ?

1-Albumin in plasma
2-Neutral dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
3-Polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
4-Polyanionic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
5-Red blood cells

A

3-Polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000

25
Q

In order for male differentiation to occur during embryonic development , testosterone must be secreted from the testes . What stimulates the secretion of testosterone during embryonic development ?

1-Luteinizing hormone from the maternal pituitary gland
2-Human chorionic gonadotropin
3-Inhibin from the corpus luteum
4-Gonadotropin - releasing hormone from the embryo’s hypothalamus

A

2-Human chorionic gonadotropin

26
Q

How many layers does the glomerular capillary membrane have ? *

1-One 
2-Two 
3-Three 
4-Four 
5-Five
A

3-Three

27
Q

A professional athlete in her mid - 20s has not had a menstrual cycle for 5 years , although a bone density scan revealed normal skeletal mineralization . Which of the following facts revealed during the taking of her medical history may explain these observations ? *

1-She consumes a high - carbohydrate diet
2-Her grandmother suffered a hip fracture at age 79
3-Her blood pressure is greater than normal .
4-Her plasma estrogen concentration is very low
5-She has been taking anabolic steroid supplements for 5 years

A

5-She has been taking anabolic steroid supplements for 5 years

28
Q

Which of the following findings would likely be reported in a patient with a deficiency in iodine intake ?

Weight loss 
Nervousness 
Increased sweating 
Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin 
Tachycardia
A

Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin

29
Q

A 40 - year - old woman is placed on a high - potassium diet for several weeks . Which of the following hormonal changes is most likely to occur ?

Increased secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone
Increased secretion of cortisol
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Decreased secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone

A

Increased secretion of aldosterone

30
Q

After birth , the pressure in the pulmonary artery decreases greatly . What is the cause of this ?

Systemic arterial pressure increases
Ductus arteriosus closes
Left ventricular pressure increases
Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases

A

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases

31
Q

Exposure to UV light directly facilitates which of the following ? *

Conversion of cholesterol to cholicalciferol
Conversion of 25 - hydroxycholicalciferol to 1,25 dihydroxycholicalciferol
Transport of calcium into the extracellular fluid
Formation of calcium binding protein
Storage of vitamin D3 in the liver

A

Conversion of cholesterol to cholicalciferol

32
Q

If a patient has a creatinine clearance of 90 ml / min , a urine flow rate of 1 ml / min , a plasma K + concentration of 4 mEq / L , and a urine K + concentration of 60 mEq / L , what is the approximate rate of K + excretion ?

0.06 mEq / min
0.30 mEq / min
0.36 mEq / min
3.6 mEq / min
60 mEq / min

A

0.06 mEq / min

physiology (8 decks)

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