midterm 1 Flashcards
Which ion does have higher intracellular than extracellular concentration?
Sodium Chloride Calcium Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium
The function of which of the following is increased by an elevated parathyroid hormone concentration?
Osteoclasts
Hepatic formation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Phosphate reabsorptive pathways in the renal tubules
All of the above
Osteoclasts
What does cause nervous system excitement and tetany?
High concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid
Low concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid
High concentration of chloride ions in the extracellular fluid
High concentration of magnesium ions in the extracellular fluid
Low concentration of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid
Low concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid
A 30-year-old woman is breast-feeding her infant. During suckling, which of the following hormonal responses is expected?
*
1-Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the supraoptic nuclei
2-Increased secretion of ADH from the paraventricular nuclei
3-Increased secretion of oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei
4-Decreased secretion of neurophysin
5-Increased plasma levels of both oxytocin and ADH
3-Increased secretion of oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei
From what steroid hormones are usually synthesized?
Tyrosine Glucose Cholesterol Phospholipids DNA
Cholesterol
Why is it important to feed newborn infants every few hours?
*
The hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose is not adequate to maintain the plasma glucose concentration in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding
If adequate fluid is not ingested frequently, the plasma protein concentration will rise to greater than normal levels within a few hours
The function of the gastrointestinal system is poorly developed and can be improved by keeping food in the stomach at all times
The hepatic capacity to form plasma proteins is minimal and requires the constant availability of amino acids from food to avoid hypoproteinemic edema
The hepatic capacity to store and synthesize glycogen and glucose is not adequate to maintain the plasma glucose concentration in a normal range for more than a few hours after feeding
Which of the following tends to decrease potassium secretion by the cortical collecting tubule?
*
Increased plasma potassium concentration
A diuretic that decreases proximal tubule sodium reabsorption
A diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g., spironolactone)
Acute alkalosis
High sodium intake
A diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g., spironolactone)
Which compound below is a second messenger that mediates hormone responses? * G-protein Adenylyl cyclase cAMP Phospholipase C Prostaglandins
cAMP
What kind of receptors do thyroid hormones activate in the target cells?
Ion channel–linked receptors on the cell surface
G Protein–linked receptors on the cell surface
Enzyme-linked receptors on the cell surface
Receptors in the cell cytoplasm
Receptors in the cell nucleus
Receptors in the cell nucleus
What effect does insulin have? * Promotes gluconeogenesis Inhibits conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids Promotes muscle and liver glucose uptake Suppress protein synthesis Inhibits growth
Promotes muscle and liver glucose uptake
What mineral is required for the formation of thyroxine? * Iodine Calcium Iron Sodium Magnesium
Iodine
Under conditions of normal renal function, which of the following is true of the concentration of urea in tubular fluid at the end of the proximal tubule?
*
a-It is higher than the concentration of urea in tubular fluid at the tip of the loop of Henle
b-It is higher than the concentration of urea in the plasma
c-It is higher than the concentration of urea in the final urine in antidiuresis
d-It is lower than plasma urea concentration because of active urea reabsorption along the proximal tubule
e-Other:
It is higher than the concentration of urea in the plasma
What is osmosis?
*
1-Water diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
2-Active transport of water through a semipermeable membrane
3-Diffusion of sodium and chloride ions through a semipermeable membrane
4-Amino acid diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
5-Glucose diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
Water diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
What is the composition of G-proteins that mediate hormone responses from the cell surface? * Consists of two subunits Consists of three subunits Consists of four subunits Consists of five subunits Consists of six subunits
Consists of three subunits
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
*
Increase in extracellular calcium ion activity above the normal value
Increase in calcitonin concentration
Respiratory acidosis
Increased secretion of PTH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
None of the above
None of the above
What does somatotropic hormone do? * Controls balance of sodium ions Controls balance of potassium ions Increases catabolism of protein and amino acids Increases carbohydrate utilization Promotes growth
Promotes growth
A 40-year-old woman is placed on a high-potassium diet for several weeks. Which of the following hormonal changes is most likely to occur?
*
a-Increased secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone
b-Increased secretion of cortisol
c-Increased secretion of aldosterone
d-Increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
e-Decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone
Increased secretion of aldosterone
In normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa?
*
Usually isotonic compared with plasma
Usually hypotonic compared with plasma
Usually hypertonic compared with plasma
Hypertonic, compared with plasma, in antidiuresis
Usually hypotonic compared with plasma
The clinical laboratory returned the following values for arterial blood taken from a patient: plasma pH = 7.28, plasma HCO3− = 32 mEq/L, and plasma Pco2 = 70 mm Hg. What is this patient’s acid–base disorder?
*
A-Acute respiratory acidosis without renal compensation
B-Respiratory acidosis with partial renal compensation
C-Acute metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation
D-Metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation
B-Respiratory acidosis with partial renal compensation
A 30-year-old woman is administered cortisone for the treatment of an autoimmune disease. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
A-Increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion B-Increased cortisol secretion C-Increased insulin secretion D-Increased muscle mass E-Hypoglycemia between meals
C-Increased insulin secretion
Which hormone is not secreted by the anterior pituitary? * Growth hormone Adrenocorticotropin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Insulin Prolactin
Insulin
What effect does the active form of D vitamin have?
*
Increases sodium ion absorption from the intestinal tract
Increases potassium ion absorption from the intestinal tract
Increases calcium absorption from the intestinal tract
Increases glucose absorption from the intestinal tract
Increases amino acids absorption from the intestinal tract
Increases calcium absorption from the intestinal tract
How the posterior pituitary is also known? * Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Epiphysis Rathke’s pouch Thalamus
Neurohypophysis
The maximum clearance rate possible for a substance that is totally cleared from the plasma is equal to which of the following?
*
GFR
Filtered load of that substance
Urinary excretion rate of that substance
Renal plasma flow
Filtration fraction
Renal plasma flow
Which of the following hormones activate enzyme-linked receptors? * ADH Insulin ACTH PTH Aldosterone Option 6
Insulin
If a woman hears her baby cry, she may experience milk ejection from the nipples even before the baby is placed to the breast. What is the explanation for this?
*
A-The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which reaches the breast and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells
B-The sound of the hungry baby’s cry causes a reflex relaxation of the myoepithelial cells, allowing the milk to flow
C-The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits a surge of prolactin from the anterior pituitary, which promptly stimulates milk production from the breast
D-The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits sympathetic nervous system discharge that causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells
A-The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which reaches the breast and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells
Which of the following changes tends to increase peritubular capillary fluid reabsorption? * Increased blood pressure Decreased filtration fraction Increased efferent arteriolar resistance Decreased angiotensin II Increased renal blood flow
Increased efferent arteriolar resistance
At birth, a large, well-nourished baby is found to have a plasma glucose concentration of 17 mg/dL (normal is 80 to 100 mg/dL) and a plasma insulin concentration twice the normal value. What is the explanation for these findings?
*
a-Neonate suffered from in utero malnutrition
b-Mother was malnourished during pregnancy
c-Mother is diabetic, with poorly controlled hyperglycemia
d-Mother is obese
c-Mother is diabetic, with poorly controlled hyperglycemia
Which of the following hormones is not stored in its endocrine-producing gland? * T4 PTH Aldosterone ACTH Insulin
Aldosterone
What effect does aldosterone have? * a-Increases renal reabsorption of sodium and renal secretion of potassium b-Stimulates of gluconeogenesis c-Reduces cellular protein d-Mobilizes fatty acids e-Important in resisting stress
Increases renal reabsorption of sodium and renal secretion of potassium
What effect does parathyroid hormone have?
*
A-Regulates protein synthesis
B-Regulates extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations
C-Regulates extracellular potassium concentrations
D-Regulates extracellular sodium concentrations
E-Regulates extracellular glucose concentrations
B-Regulates extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations
From where glucagon is secreted? * Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans Anterior pituitary gland Thyroid gland
Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
