Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is the predominant focus for psychology?
Culture, Society, social groups, person
Definition for psych= The ______ study of ______; where _______ is broadly defined”
scientific, behaviour, behaviour
What is sport psych= “ Scientific study of human ____ _______ in the sport (exercise) context – the ___ and ___of human ____ _______ in sport (exercise) context
social behaviour, how’s, why’s, social behaviour
What are the two general questions for sport psych?
- How psychological factors effect performance?
2. How the involvement influence their psychological development/wellbeing?
What are the factors that influence sport performance?
- Social/ environmental influences
- Psych profile (eg motivation, anxiety)
+ Brain function (eg motor control) - Movement- specific physiological activity
- Skill performance (biomechanics)
In the 1st psych lecture what was the putting the driver in the car metaphor?
The car is the body and the driver is the brain. A body can move by its self, however if you don’t have the mental aspect then your unable to perform to the athletes best
What is competition?
(1st psych lecture)
“A situation in which ______ of an individual’s performance is made with a ____ _ _______, in the presence of others who are aware of the ____ for ______ and can _____ the comparison process”
comparison, standard of excellence, criteria, comparison, evaluate
How is personality defined in the first psych lecture
“psychological qualities that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving”
What are the two key personality traits in sports/ exercise?
(1st psych lecture)
- motivation
2. anxiety
Motivation definition = “anything that _____ a person to _____”
(1st lecture of psych)
impels, actions
What are the three ways that ACTION is reflected in the 1st psych lecture?
- The selection/direction of behaviour
- The intensity of the behaviour
- The persistence of the behaviour (your commitment over time)
Achievement motivation definition = “Striving towards a ____ _ ______ or attempting to reach/achieve a ___ ____ (e.g. personal best in competition). Person will ____ in the face of failure, and experience ____ in goal accomplishment”
standard of excellence, specific goal, persist, pride
What does Ms stand for in the first psych lecture?
motive to Approach success (pride in success)
What does Maf stand for?
motive to avoid failure (shame in failure)
if you focus on failure rather than success then what does this create?
(1st psych lecture)
Anxiety
What are the characteristic of trait personality?
- Relatively stable
- Fundamental units of personality
- Strong predictor of behaviour
What are the characteristic of trait personality?
- Relatively stable
- Fundamental units of personality
- Strong predictor of behaviour
Anxiety is a perceived….
threat
Stress causes…
anxiety
Performance anxiety: The process is ____ and the Product is _____
Stress, Anxiety
Stress = Perceived imbalance between _____ and _______
demand and capabilities
Stress leads to what type of anxiety
State anxiety
Trait anxiety =
personality
State anxiety is
your current emotional state or mood characterised by feelings of apprehension and muscle tension
What is the arousal performance relationship?
Inverted U relationship between Arousal and performance
Best performance results from ….
optimal/peak arousal
Under- arousal can lead to …..
boredom and poor performance
Over-arousal can lead to
“choking”
Tasks that require fine motor control need ____ arousal
Low
Tasks requiring explosive strength, endurance and speed require ____ arousal
high
The three Development psychology Characteristic
- fixed
- Normative
- Sequential
How does over-arousal influence performance
choking
What is Tunnel Vision
focus of attention becomes too narrow and important information is missed
Performance Anxiety are practical implications
- Help athletes to manage and regulate their arousal/ state anxiety levels
- Mental Skills Training (MST)
What psych and social factors influence how we perform in sport?
Personality and Motivation
Two types of applied sport psychology
- Clinical sport psych
2. Educational Sport Psych (MST)
What are the objectives of Mental skills training
- Help athletes to perform to their best of their ability
- Help athletes Enjoy sport
- Develop mental skills as life skills
What are the three MST skills
- Foundation
- performance
- Facilitative
What are MST methods?
- goal setting
- Mental prep
- Imagery
- relaxtion
- self talk
MST programme
- Combination of Methods selected to attain the individuals skills needed
- There is NO “set” MST programme!
Sport Pedagogy
- Concerned with interactions that occur between the coach, the athlete, the content and the context (or situation)
3 characteristic needed for developing an effective pedagogy
Be curious, Be reflective, question the status quo
Being quality coach requires you to be ________ about more things than the ‘______ and _____’
knowledgeable, ‘technical, tactical’
MST Skills vs MST Methods
Skills are the ______, Method it the _____
skills are the product, method is the process
What are wicked problems in sport development? (Sam, 2009)
- Stagnant or falling participation rates
- Stagnant or falling (medal) performances at the highest levels
also
- creaming/cherry picking is another example
Targeted investment effects…
- Development eg target schemes degrade into ‘cream-skimming’ and ‘cherry- picking’
sport only focuses on the elite/best - Integrity: target schemes can affect player welfare because people are fearful of losing jobs, money status
Cream-skimming or cherry- picking examples
- Dropping women’s team so more funding can go towards the men’s team
- Only selecting top 2 athletes from each category to attend training camps
- Investing in the Tall Blacks after they had qualified for the world cup
Gender definition
socially constructed meaning linked to being male (masculine) and female (feminine) - within a binary context
sex definition
biological traits that society associates with being male or female (binary)- this is usually to do with anatomy
Intersectionality
= Understanding identity in relation to different “vectors” oppression and how these influence the nature and degree of oppression (e.g. being discriminated for being “black +female + homosexual + disable + poor)
Hijrah (indian), Fa’afafine (samoa) meaning
cultures that recognise themselves as the 3rd gender
Language = Mother nature (_________) vs Father time (_______/______)
unpredictable, constant/reliable
- How can physical spaces be gendered?
toilets, gyms
Why the study of gender is important for sport, exercise and health?
- Historically sport has been male domain/space
- Sport is highly visible and popular aspect of society
- “last frontier of masculinity”
- Sport remans a space where displays of male aggression/violence power are acceptable
Girls and women who play sport…
- Have higher levels of confidence and low depression
- Have more positive body image and experience higher psychological well- being than girls and women who do not play sports
- More likely to get better grades in school and more likely to graduate than girls who do not play sports
“New woman”
is independent
how was the bicycle viewed?
“display of legs was interpreted as a form of sexuality”
Toni Bruce (2016) 3 types of patterns in relation to the media of female athlete
- older rules
- persistent
- Current
Conceptualising Masculinity
masculinity does not exist in isolation from femininity
“Hegemonic Masculinity”-
the culturally idealised form of masculinity
What was the crisis of masculinity
“New woman”
- first wave of feminism - females becoming a threat to men
- women wanted to have own career and be independent
final frontier of masculinity
- physical realm (sport) important for maintaining male power through crisis
- sport is the one place where man can feel like men
Social significance of LGBTQIA
- Human rights - concept of intersexuality
- Health and well- being
- Diversity management eg 2018 all black aid “diversity in strength”
- Pink economy
What makes sport context different in relation to dealing with LGBTQIA issues
- Type of sport and sexuality
- Physical touching, contact/viewing
- Naked bodies : changing rooms/showers
- Travel: sharing room eg hotel rooms - can create slightly different context
- Relationship between players? - less likely for men
- Relationships between players and coaches
What is heterosexism
belief system that values heterosexuality as superior or more normal than LGBTQIA orientations
What is homophobia
irrational fear or intolerance of LQBTQIA
Mens netball (Tagg 2008) Netball emphasises \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
femininity
Why is the gender order important (connell,1987)
- Disempower, influence female participation
- Impacts on alternative masculinity - men that don’t fit the “mans man”
- Masculinity prize thing to have
What was the response to the crisis of masculinity
Boy scouts and sport to reaffirm hegemonic masculinity
what is the 21st century crisis of masculinity
male body panic
- concerned about their body image - looking for solution through consumer culture
demonstration of commitment/ loyalty: Pain principle …..
enduring physical pain contributes to moral and character development
how does sport confirm masculinity
1) type of sport
2) commitment
3) male space
4) sporting rituals
5) link w/ sport & war
6) emotional
8) place of women in men’s sport
