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EOS 330 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecology?

A

the scientific discipline concerned with the relationships between organisms and their past, present and future.

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2
Q

How does paleo ecology differ from ecology?

A

Ecology deals with living populations (birth rate, death rate, lifespan) Paleoecology is based on and limited to preserved organisms only. Paleo is much more time rich having many generations of organisms.

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3
Q

What is fossil abundance and what does it tell us about the sample?

A

How many individuals of each species are present in a sample. Tells us what kinds of creatures are present also which are dominant/rare

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4
Q

What is fossil richness?

A

A measure of the # of different kinds of organisms

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5
Q

What is the relationship between # of species and # of samples taken

A

Species # increases to a point, then the slope flattens out after about 300.

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6
Q

How is diversity statistically measured in sample?

A 
γ-diversity = diversity in the landscape
α-diversity = diversity in habitat
β-diversity = compositional difference among habitats
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7
Q

What are some paleoenvironmental Constraints

A

Temperature, Salinity, pH, Oxygen, Nutrients, Light, Moisture(terrestrial), Water depth(marine) SUBSTRATE

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8
Q

What types of organisms are buried in rocky substrate?

A

attached filter feeders, borers, grazers, mobile & immobile predators

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9
Q

What types of organisms are in muddy substrate

A

deposit feeders, other infauna

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10
Q

What types of organisms are in sandy substrate

A

mobile filter feeders & predators, grazers or deposit feeders

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11
Q

What is mutualism

A

Interactions that benefit both organisms (symbiotic relationship, leads to coevolution)

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12
Q

Define Parasitism

A

Interaction in which a parasite derives nourishment from a host

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13
Q

Define competition

A

Interactions in which organisms use the same limiting resource, which results in a reduction in population size of the competing organisms

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14
Q

Does competition have a positive or negative effect on the organisms involved?

A

Competition has a NEGATIVE effect. Limiting resources, population reduction

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15
Q

2 types of competition - what are they?

A
  1. Interferece - competition involving direct aggressive interactions (1v1s)
  2. Resource competition - indirect competition for use of a limiting resource
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16
Q

What is niche partitioning?

A

competition can lead to a change in species niche (ideal environmental conditions where a species lives). Niche partitioning leads to coexistence.

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17
Q

Define Predation

A

Interactions in which one organism kills another, feeling the process of escalation

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18
Q

Define herbivory

A

Organism eats plant or algae, always beneficial for animal, sometimes for plant, sometimes hurts the plant

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19
Q

Explain the herbivory arms race

A

Plants and herbivores compete and adapt to each other (plants: toxins, thorns), (herbivores: sense toxins, digest massive amounts of plants, sometimes overcome toxicity)

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20
Q

Explain the herbivory arms race

A

Plants and herbivores compete and adapt to each other (plants: toxins, thorns), (herbivores: sense toxins, digest massive amounts of plants, sometimes overcome toxicity)

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21
Q

Define community succession

A

Natural occurrences can change the way a community is structured (typically after eruptions, glaciation - major events)

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22
Q

What is an endemic taxon

A

rare species only found in one place

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23
Q

Why is immigration or emigration of a population important?

A

They are ways to increase or decrease diversity without death or birth

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24
Q

What are some limits to population growth?

A

Resources like space, food, light, etc

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25
Q

What are survivorship curves? and how do they impact their communities?

A

Show the % of organisms compared to the % of their maximum lifespan. Can impact behaviour, reproduction, population size.

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26
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size or community size that a given area can sustain in ideal conditions (typically an oscillating pattern overtime for new species, evening out through time)

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27
Q

What is the Agronomic Revolution?

A

during the precambrian/ Cambrian “mat scratchers” starting entering into algal mats and eventually into the ground below (burrows)

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28
Q

What are the Geological eras, ordered from youngest to oldest?

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

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29
Q

What are the periods in the Paleozoic, and what are their associated years? (in mya)

A

Cambrian (>500mya), Ordovician & Silurian (>410mya), Devonian (>360mya), Carboniferous (>300mya), Permian (>240mya)

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30
Q

What are the periods of the mesozoic? From oldest to youngest

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretacious

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31
Q

What are the two periods from the Cenozoic?

A

Tertiary, Quaternary

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32
Q

What are the three important parts of the Trilobitomorphs?

A

Cephalon- Front section
Thorax- Mid section
pygidium- back section

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33
Q

What are the two important parts of the crustacea?

A

Cephalothorax- Mid/Front section

Abdomen- Back Section

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34
Q

What are the three important parts of the Hexapoda

A

Head-Front section
Thorax- Mid section
Abdomen- Back Section

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34
Q

What is the conodont alteration index? And how could it be useful?

A

Conodont organic matter is carbonized and changes color depending on the temperature it reached. Useful for hydrocarbon exploration and organic maturation trends on maps (whatever that is).

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35
Q

What are conodonts?

A

Small jawless vertebrates (2-40cm) with calcium phosphate teeth-like microfossils which get preserved (200 μm -2 cm)

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36
Q

How are conodonts useful specimens for determining geologic age of the sample?

A
  1. High preservation potential 2. Widespread distribution 3. Highly abundant 4. Rapid evolutionary turnover that expresses morphologically
37
Q

What age are conodonts present in the geologic record?

A

Cambrian - end Triassic

38
Q

What are the three types of conodont tooth and how do they differ?

A

Coniform (primitive, cone-shaped, with anterior and posterior), Ramiform (blades, multiple rows), Pectiniform (blade with platform, “complex conodonts”)

39
Q

How do geological boundaries affect biodiversity

A

As geological boundaries are typically defined by mass extinctions, biodiversity is likely to drastically fall during these events

40
Q

Which of of the three types of conodont teeth is most likely to favor preservation bias?

A

Preservation bias favors “pectiniform”

41
Q

How does conodont morphology evolve through time?

A

Devonian teeth (older) have a bumpier surface, become smoother towards the triassic

42
Q

Give a brief description of Archaeocyathids (Think primitive sponges)

A

Early Cambrian, very simple sponge relative, first calcareous phylum, intermediate between sponges and corals, “primitive multicellular”, often solitary

43
Q

Briefly describe Porifera, cell structure, age, skeletal makeup

A

Simplest multicellular animal, clique of differentiated cells acting somewhat independently, Pre-Cambrian - Modern, skeleton made up of spicules.

44
Q

What types of spicules are there? (think 1,3,… 4, many :D)

A

Monoaxon, triaxon, tetracline, polyactine

45
Q

What are the three important classes of sponge and how do they differ?

A

Calcarea - calcareous spicules, Hexactinellida - siliceous spicules, Demospongea - spongin spicules
REMEMBER: these 3 classes only differ in their outer walls.

46
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Both sexually and asexually

47
Q

What is functional morphology as a practice?

A

The study of the relationships among the structure of an organism and the functions of its various parts

48
Q

How is a fin or a worm-like body plan used to represent a functional morphology?

A

These features occur time and time again in nature because they are optimal for a specific function.

49
Q

What is morphospace? And how is it represented graphically?

A

A representation of all the possible forms, shapes or structures that a taxon might have. If we were to graph this, each axis would correspond to a characteristic variable of the organism (eg. Shell spacing and curviture)

50
Q

What is evolutionary heritage? How does it affect function? Give an example.

A

New features must be built from existing raw materials. This is a constraint on function. An example would be how the basic body plan of mollusks prevents flight.

51
Q

What are some reasons it might be difficult to test a particular morphological function in isolation ?
(4 answers)

A
  1. New features might not have a mark on morphology yet 2. Not all features are adaptive or under selection 3. Hard to tell what the function is if no living relatives 4. Structure might have multiple functions
52
Q

What’s the framework for testable hypotheses in morphology?

A
  1. Define the feature and which taxa have it
  2. Phylogenetic analysis to see where it originated
  3. Consider whether the feature might have been evolved apart from adaptation (epiphenomenon, constraint, vestige, engineering)
53
Q

What is disparity?

A

Disparity refers to the morphological variety exhibited within a group of taxa. Quantified using morphospace and theoretical morphology.

54
Q

What is theoretical morphology?

A

Analysis of the differences among all the forms a taxon might have had vs the ones that we KNOW existed

55
Q

What are morphometrics?

A

Applying math to paleo. How changes in form are geometrically differentiated, think morphological deformation (like structural geology!)

56
Q

Compare homologous characters to analogous characters

A
  1. Homologous characters: Similarity due to common ancestry, may have different functions across modern species (think of the forearm in a human, bat and a whale)
  2. Analogous characters: Similarity due to adaptive function, not ancestry. Convergent evolution (think dolphins and sharks)
57
Q

What are the different landmark characteristics in morphometrics? (3)

A
  1. Homologous characters
  2. geometric features with biomechanical implication
  3. endpoints of length height and depth.
58
Q

Give a brief overview of Cnidaria

A

solitary & colonial, hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemone, corals, 2 cell types, no organs, mostly sessile, Cambrian-modern. 3 classes

59
Q

What are the 3 classes of Cnidaria (ASH)

A

Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa

60
Q

Give a brief overview of Anthozoans and their 3 freshwater groups

A

Corals, 6000 living species, secrete CaCo3 skeletons, 3 groups: rugose, tabulate (both paleozoic fauna) and scleractinian (modern) - all freshwater.

61
Q

What are optimal conditions for hexacoral growth?

A

Low turbidity & sediment concentration, invariable salinity, 18C temps, firm substrate, low nutrients

62
Q

What was the apex arthropod predator?

A

Anomalocaris: mostly preying on soft organisms in the mud or floating in the water

63
Q

Give a brief overview of arthropods

A

Early Cambrian - Present, includes dragonflies and barnacles, first triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, segmented bodies with specialized regions, sensory and nervous systems, joined cuticle (exoskeleton), most successful group.

64
Q

What is the difference uniramus vs biramus limbs

A 
uniramus = 1 branch
biramus = 2 branches: Exopodite (upper), Endopodite (lower)
65
Q

Are all parts of the Trilobitomorpha moveable?

A

No, the cephalon(head) and pygidium(tail) are fused, whereas the thorax is moveable.

66
Q

What were the feeding strategies of the members of Trilobitomorpha?

A

Mainly sediment feeders, although likely evolved into predating and pelagic suspension feeders

67
Q

When did trilobitomorpha die off?

A

Nearly killed during Ordovician, but struggled til end of Permian

68
Q

What are Trilobitomorpha known for (think lobes)?

A

1 AXIAL (central) lobe, and 2 PLEURAL (side) lobes

69
Q

With what limb do Chelicerates primarily feed with?

A

Chelicerae! the rest have various functions like movement

70
Q

Who is included in the chelicerate group?

A

Spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, eurypterids

71
Q

Give a brief overview of Crustacea

A

Pre-Cambrian - Modern, mostly marine and fresh water, very diverse, 6 fused segments with appendages, sensory head, ass and body vary massively (eg. some have armour, some lose their limbs… L)

72
Q

What is the oldest Crustacean

A

Canadaspis, found in Burgess shale, 2 valves like ostracods

73
Q

Why are some hexapods (insects) flightless?

A

These flightless insects diverged prior to the development of wings (think silverfish)

74
Q

Briefly describe the preservation potential and diversity of insects

A

Poorly conserved because soft-bodied and don’t re-mineralize very well, but have a large, diverse range since late Paleozoic.

75
Q

Give a brief overview of Bryozoans (social, feeding habits, timeline, location, individuals)

A

Exclusively Colonial Phylum, filter feeders, Cambrian - Modern, marine and freshwater, individual “ZOOIDS” asexually reproduce and are physically connected - clones.

76
Q

What are the 3 major Bryozoan groups? (GPS)

A

Gymnolaemata, Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata - all freshwater (omg GPS :D)

77
Q

What are the 3 types of individual zooids and what are there functions?

A

Ancestrula (true ancestor, first zooid), Autozooid (basic feeding zooid), Heterozooid/Polymorph (Anything else, 3 types as well!)

78
Q

3 functions and types of Heterozooids and polymorphs

A
  1. Ovicells (for brooding larvae, can be a complex of zooids)
  2. Kenozoids (Basically pointless, only use is taking up space, no mouth or anus haha)
  3. Avicularia (DEFENSE!!!)
79
Q

How are zooid embryos produced?

A

EMBRYOTIC FISSION: Primary embryos divide and create secondary embryos (which can divide and create tertiary… this can happen 100s of times)

80
Q

Are zooids restricted to one habitat? What does this mean?

A

No! considered both a stable and unstable species having more than one possible growth habitat

81
Q

Give a brief overview of stenolaemata

A

Ordovician - Present day, marine, epifaunal, suspension feeders (group of bryozoans)

82
Q

How did Gymnolaemata evolve to counter predation?

A

development of vibracula (whiplike extensions)

83
Q

Can we find direct (non trace) Gymnolaemata fossils?

A

Not at all! Many of the early Gymnolaemata were not forming hard skeletons, but leave trace fossil.. which we can find :D

84
Q

Why do we care about Gymnolaemata?

A

They show us that SIZE MATTERS (haha) in cases of overgrowing, size usually wins

85
Q

Give a brief overview of Brachiopods (Age, feeding, location, lifestyle, shell make-up)

A

Cambrian - Recent, filter feeds, marine, benthic, epifaunal/infaunal, mobile as larvae, most Calcium Carbonate (articulates) some Calcium Phosphate (inarticulate).

86
Q

How to Brachiopods stay sedentary?

A

Attached to their substrate via a fleshy stalk called a pedicle

87
Q

What shape defines most brachiopods?

A

Biconvex

88
Q

Describe the difference between articulate and inarticulate forms (primarily in brachiopods)

A

Inarticulate: form held together via many muscles
Articulate: form held together via teeth-socket arrangements

89
Q

For what reasons did Bivalves overtake Brachiopods?

A

Bivalves have broader habitats, gills, higher metabolism

90
Q

What are the three structural grades of sponges (ASL)

A

Ascon- tube
Sycon- tube with more pore space
Leucon- brain lookin mf

91
Q

What are the 2 composite fossils that make up the Anomalocaris?

A

Peytoia- Looks like sliced pineapple ring (butthole mouth)
Laggania- a sponge?

No! both are part of the Anomalocaris

EOS 330 (6 decks)

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