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EOS 330 > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biogeography? (2 things)

A

The study of the geographic distribution of organisms and how they have gotten to be where they are today.

interpreting influence of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

What is the latitudinal diversity gradient?

A

Basically: there are more animals near and around the equator, with population numbers dwindling around the poles. It is active, not static.

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3
Q

Who are some key people in biogeography? what did these mfs even do??? (CACA)

A

Charles Darwin: Evolution and Natural selection (duh)

Alfred Russel Wallace: Provided new info on faunal provinces and formalized many biogeographical ideas around today

Carolus Linnaeus: Classification method for species

Alfred Wegener: Plate tectonics and Continental drift

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4
Q

What was Sclater

A
  • The first maps of biogeographic realms (biomes :D)

- Looked at the composition of fauna in a given biome and compared them.

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5
Q

Explain Wallace’s line (where/what it was, what types of animals)

A
  • A boundary between SE Asia and Papua New Guinea & Australia
  • marsupials and monotremes SE of the boundary
  • Placental mammals NW of the boundary
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6
Q

What evidence supports such a drastic change in fauna in and around the Wallace boundary?

A

Water around Asian islands was shallower

Water between Asian islands and Australian islands was much deeper

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7
Q

Is Wallace’s boundary an example of sympatric or allopatric evolution?

A

Allopatric Evolution!

Wallace’s boundary is evidence of reproductive isolation between populations via a geographical barrier

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8
Q

Define Allopatric evolution and Sympatric evolution

A

Allopatric: ancestors split and evolve differently due to a geographic barrier (no gene exchange)

Sympatric: ancestors evolve into different groups without this barrier

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of allopatric speciation? (PVP)

A

Peripatric: isolated peripheral group

Vicariant: extrinsic barrier (think mountian)

Parapatric: large geographic area

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10
Q

What are some ecological factors affecting biogeographical influences on speciation? (6)

A

Moisture, temp, soil chemistry, light, food/nutrient availability, competition

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11
Q

what areas or (biomes) have high biodiversity and endemic species? (2)

A

mountains and islands

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12
Q

how could an ice age geographically affect a population? ie. why are they important? (4)

A
  • Glacial expansion: sea-level drop
  • terraforms the land: erosion and rivers
  • changes composition of animals and plants (to those who are more adaptive)
  • migration: gene pool mixing
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13
Q

what are the 3 main extinction hypotheses?

A

humans: overkill
climate: over-chill

Extraterrestrial impact: over-grill

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14
Q

what is some evidence for megafaunal extinction due to humans? (3) think wooly mammoths

A
  • timing of extinctions = timing of human arrival
  • some remains show signs of cutting or piercing from man-made weapons
  • modern conditions would have likely happened in the past (causing irreparable damage): killing capacity, migration, disease
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15
Q

what is some evidence for climate induced “over-chill” extinciton? (3)

A
  • stepwise and progressive drying as early as 700kya resulting in extreme climate variability
  • small-bodied species were affected… bottom up ecosystems means megafauna are affected
  • Africa experienced minimal glacial temp. changes, fits the continental scale pattern of low climate change (perfect refuge from impending ice!)
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16
Q

what is some evidence for extraterrestrial “over-grill” extinction? (4)

A
  • carbon rich layer dating back 12.9kya lines up with abrupt onset of Younger Dryas (YD cooling)
  • in-situ bones of megafauna occur below this black layer, but not in or above it (indicating vaporization?)
  • Shocked quartz grains
  • a shock wave, thermal pulse and event-related enviromental effects (biomass burning and food limits) led to this extinction
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17
Q

What is the ecological impact of megafauna in their habitat? (size, eating habits)

A
  • once again.. size matters! these creatures would have been extremely important in determining the characteristics of their ecosystems
  • the effects of grazing on vegetation by these beasts would be prominent: forest clearings/prevention of vegetation encroachment
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18
Q

How does evidence for over-killing hold up on a global scale?

A

not that great! while there is a strong case for it in Australia, the data is pretty scarce everywhere else. (like in NA we have evidence of hunting but no kill sites, yet ~70 extinct megafauna)

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19
Q

Define extinction (both local and global)

A

global: complete elimination of a species

local(extirpation): local elimination, can be reversed! sometimes a speices can be reintroduced

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20
Q

what is gamblers ruin? (bad luck)

A
  • statistical concept stating that given a finite resources that go up and down with chance, you will eventually hit 0 (think gold in age of empires)
  • relates to increase and decrease of population size (relative per species)
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21
Q

how many major and minor extinctions were there?

A

5 major: extremely high extinction rates

12 minor: higher extinction rates than normal, not always widespread

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22
Q

It seems like extinction events decrease in intensity through the phanerozoic, what could this mean? (3)

A
  • living taxa are more resistant to extinction than ancient taxa
  • earth might have become more stable for biota
  • major perturbations may have become less common
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23
Q

what was the third largest extinction? what happened? what is to blame?

A
  • ordovician-silurian: 2 peak dying times 100ks years apart
  • killed 85% of sea life (most of life in general)
  • caused by an ice sheet, causing a fall in sea level, changing ocean chemistry
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24
Q

what triggered the ordovician-silurian?

A

PLANTS! “Reverse greenhouse”: burial of organic matter –> cooling, glaciation, lower seas, no shallow habitat

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25
Q

when/what was the “age of fishes”

A

Devonian: great diversification of fish

  • sharks, skates, rays
  • jawed armored fish (placoderms; all dead)
  • true bony fish (includes lobe-finned fish)
  • eurypterid arthropods (predators)
  • ammonoid cephalopods
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26
Q

what were some of the most advanced jawless fish?

A

Osteostracans: they had paired fins and complicated cranial anatomy (bony shields)

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27
Q

what was the largest of placoderms?

A

Dunkleosteus: giant placoderm

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28
Q

what were the terretrial environments in the silurian?

A

-vascular plants invade land, spore brearing plants

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29
Q

what were the terretrial environments in the devonian?

A
  • rapid evolution of land plants (first trees, forests)
  • earliest terrestrial arthropods (insects/scorpions)
  • bivalve molluscs invade fresh water (moving “up the creek”)
  • vast terrestrial lowlands (alluvial plains, wetlands, deltas)
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30
Q

what are lobe-finned fish?

A
  • a clade of bony fish (living relatives include coelacanths and lungfish) think relicanth
  • lungfish gave rise to tetrapods
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31
Q

what was the intermediate between lobe-finned fish and amphibians? (3 reasons)

A

Icthyostega

a) skull structure akin to lobe-finned fish
b) fish-like tail
c) four legs & hip/shoulder structures like amphibians

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32
Q

when was the invasion of land?

what happened?

A

DEVONIAN:

  • devonian plants:
    a) develop roots & seeds
    b) create new habitat for animal invasion
    c) first trees
  • First insects
  • First amphibians
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33
Q

Why was the invasion of plants possible?

A
  • Late Devonian glaciation on supercontinent
  • sea level falls –> loss of marine habitats
  • possible climate feedbacks: spread of forests, carbon burial, global cooling
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34
Q

What do Terrestrial Permian fossils tell us about how life was changing? (3)

A
  • coal swamp floras replaced by seed-bearing conifers meaning DRIER LANDSCAPE
  • amphibians replaced by radiation of reptiles (can reproduce away from water) MOVING INLAND
  • evolution of THERAPSIDS (mammal like reptiles!)
    a) legs beneath bodies
    b) warm-blooded
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35
Q

what are the 3 types of fenestrae (and who do they belong to)?

A

Anapsid (no hole) - primitive reptiles

Diapsid (2 holes) - Dinosaurs, living reptiles

Synapsid (one hole) - Mammals & relatives (for jaw muscles)

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36
Q

what is the poster child for Permian REPTILES (and dino imposter)?

A

Dimetrodon

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37
Q

What are some characteristics of the end-permian (what died, who won)?

A
  • 95% of marine species, ~50% of invertebrates
    a) all: trilobites, rugose/tabulate corals, fusulinid forams
    b) most: brachiopods, ammonites, lacy bryozoans, crinoids
  • ~70% of terrestrial vertebrate families
    a) 75% amphibian
    b) 80% reptiles

-fungal spore spike

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38
Q

What are some of the biggest changes resulting from the end-permian (Before/After, 4 topics)

A

Before:

  • high diversity endemic life
  • extensive reef communities
  • coal
  • 526 fossil animal families

After:

  • low diversity cosmopolitan life
  • no reef communities
  • no coal
  • 267 fossil animal families
39
Q

what are 5 possible causes to the end permian?

A
  1. Global regression, draining of epicontinental seas
    - loss of marine niches/ more competition
    - less temperate climates (more extreme)
  2. Drop in atmospheric Oxygen
    - weathering & oxidation of organic matter
    - reduction in global productivity
  3. volcanism: from Siberian flood basalts and china
    - lots of aerosols
    - climate instability (fast cooling, overall warming)
  4. Anoxia in deep ocean
  5. reduction of oceanic salinity due to deposition of evaporites
40
Q

What is some evidence supporting volcanism relating to extinction events

A

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) and Silicic LIPs

  • form at sites of mantle plume reuptions at hot spots
  • not directly related to normal tectonic processes in upper crust
41
Q

what was the oceanic refuge zone?

A

A zone sandwiched between lethally hot surface waters and poisonous anoxic deep water. It explains the types of fauna we see struggling through to the Triassic

42
Q

What evidence supports oceanic anoxia? (2)

A
  • Lack of burrowing traces in sediment (which returned after the extinction)
  • Bivalves and gastropods are “micronized”
43
Q

What are some notable features during recovery post PT extinction? (4)

A
  • Coal gap lasting 10my
  • Replacement of dominant flora by “weedy plants”, low diversity
  • high diversity reefs are fully wiped
  • stromatolites found in abundance –> lack of grazers
44
Q

explain CAMP

A

(Central American Magmatic Province)
Extensive interval of volcanism, pushing extreme climate situation into a worse scenario. Areas of high oceanic productivity had pulses of anoxia and high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide. DURING TRIASSIC JURASSIC - LED TO EXTINCTION OF DINOS

45
Q

What was to blame for the Triassic-Jurassic? (3)

A

Climate change, flood basalt eruptions and asteroid impact

46
Q

What died during the Triassic-Jurassic? What survived?

A

died: marine reptiles, amphibians, reef-builders, molluscs, ~50% of all species died
lived: plants were relatively unaffected

47
Q

What disruptive event is directly correlated to mass extinctions?

A

Flood basalts. 91% of flood basalts coincide with every mass extinction since the Permian

48
Q

Describe the Signor-Lipps effect

A
  • Fossil record is incomplete, so its unlikely that the first or last true individual of a species is a preserved fossil
  • this blurs the timing of extinction even
  • extinction is likely more abrupt than what is seen in the fossil record
49
Q

How are background extinctions different from mass extinctions?

A
  • A large geographic area protects against background extinctions
  • “Extinction-Resistant” taxa go extinct just as likely as non-“Extinction-Resistant” ones during a mass extinction
49
Q

What are 3 general mass extinction features

A
  • Happens everywhere with similar intensity
  • Tropical life experiences higher extinction rates
  • land plants are resistant
50
Q

Is the chance of extinction higher or lower for an older species compared to a newer species?

A

The odds to go extinct are the exact same.

51
Q

What is a “normal extinction” for a speices? What is the average timeline?

A
  • This defines the “life-span” of a given species in the fossil record
  • usually about 5 million years
52
Q

What are 3 abiotic mechanisms that control extinctions? (TMC)

A

tectonics
meteorites
climate

53
Q

What falls under the grouping “Mollusca”?

A

Snails, slugs, mussels, oysters, clam, squids, octopuses

54
Q

What morphological features are indicative of mollusks?

A

calcareous exoskeleton, foot, viscera, mantle cavity, mantle, shell.

55
Q

Why are mollusks diverse?

A

Hard exoskeleton, yet moving.. so unanchored. Mobility allows for choice of habitat

55
Q

What can be interpreted from a mollusks shell? (3)

A
  • record of the animals growth (as they don’t molt)
  • record of environmental conditions of the time
  • oxygen isotope ratios, pollutants, “shell rings”, environmental conditions
56
Q

Outline a basic mollusk (symmetry, sensory organs, morphology)

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • head has eyes
  • mouth has teeth (radula)
  • foot used for crawling/ burrowing
  • mantle which secrete calcareous shell
  • shell made of aragonite
57
Q

What is the supposed ancestor of mollusks? briefly describe it

A

Aplacophora: shell-less, deep water, Cambrian?-recent, 2 main groups, possess a radula

58
Q

What are polyplacophorans

A
  • 7-17 plates
  • Ediacaran-recent
  • marine, global habitat
58
Q

What is the KNOWN first mollusk? describe it

A

Monoplacophora: Cambrian-Recent, Deep ocean, soft/hard substrates

59
Q

Broadly describe Gastropoda

A
  • Cambrian - Recent
  • most use a radula for eating
  • tend to have a big foot, heavy tortion, and tentacles
60
Q

Briefly describe Bivalvia:

A
  • Shell has 2 valves
  • Cambrian-Recent
  • Aquatic, but marine-fresh
  • foot open and closes the shell
  • not all are symmetrical
61
Q

What are rudists?

A
  • Reef formers ~100mya
  • Went extinct 65mya
  • replaced by corals
62
Q

What are some key morphological features of echinoderms? (3)

A
  • 5-fold or bilaterally symmetric
  • Water vascular system
  • spiny skin made of high Mg Calcite
63
Q

which taxonomic groups belong to echinodermata? (5)

think B.E.A.C.H

A

Blastozoa, Echinoidea, Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea

64
Q

What group has tube feet?

How are they used/controlled?

A

Echinoderms! used for movement and feeding, controlled by the water vascular system. Areas with tube feet are called ambulacral areas.

65
Q

How is pressure controlled in the echinoderm body?

A

a valve called the madreporite

66
Q

What is the benefit of an echinoid having a flat test?

A

a flatter test allows for unidirectional movement and burrowing

67
Q

what part of the crinoid is best preserved in the fossil record?

A

Crinoid ossicles (CaCO3 skeletons)

68
Q

Are Echinoderms deuterosomes or protosomes?

A

Echinoderms are deuterosomes

69
Q

do all foraminifers reproduce the same way/in the same place?

A

no, there are 2 types!

warm water species reproduce near the surface where growth is optimum

cold water species tend to reproduce further down for optimum growth

70
Q

what is the use for microfossils? (3) PBP

A
  • biostratigraphy
  • paleoceanography
  • pollution monitoring
71
Q

What is CLIMAP and what did it do?

A

Climate Long range Investigation mapping and prediction:

  • quantified cooling since the last ice age
  • proved Milankovitch cycles control glacial cycles
72
Q

How are benthic foraminifera used to measure pollution?

A

They grow deformed (big time) when exposed to heavy metals like zinc, copper etc.

73
Q

which fossils are used for the paleozoic?

A

brachiopods, trilobites, chitinozoans, conodonts, graptolites

74
Q

which fossils are used for the mesozoic?

A

foraminifera, ammonites, pollen

75
Q

which fossils are used for the cenozoic?

A

foraminifera, diatoms, pollen

76
Q

What is the range of Θ for normal polarity in magnetostratigraphy? What is it for reversed?

A

normal polarity: -90°-0°

Reversed polarity: 0°-90°

77
Q

what is magnetostratigraphy used for?

A
  • stratigraphic dating sequencing
  • paleogeographic & plate tectonic reconstruction
  • correlation
78
Q

how are verterbrate fossils found?

A

a) permineralized bones
b) occasional soft tissue preservation
i) carbon film
ii) skin impressions
iii) amber

79
Q

what characteristics define a dinosaur?

A
  • Diapsids: 2 temporal fenestrae
  • Archosaur: teeth in sockets, anorbitlal fenestrae, large 4th trochanter
  • Upright posture (not sprawled)
80
Q

briefly outline ornithopoda

A
  • herbivores
  • bipedal
  • large beaks
  • complext chewing technique
81
Q

briefly outline marginocephalia

A

-bony hard hat head

82
Q

briefly outline sauropodomorpha

A

long neck lookin ass

83
Q

briefly outline theropoda

A
  • carnivores
  • blade teeth
  • bipedal
  • early therapods occurred in the Triassic and early Jurassic
84
Q

briefly outline Ceratosauria

A
  • Large carnivores
  • horned skull
  • tiny arms haha
85
Q

briefly outline Coelurosauria

A
  • carnivores and herbivores
  • tibia longer than femur
  • feathers
86
Q

Briefly describe maniraptora

A
  • semi lunate carpel with 3-fingered hand

- retroverted pubis

87
Q

briefly describe paraves

A
  • wings
  • powered flight
  • sickle-clawed
88
Q

briefly outline Avialae

A
  • more closely related to birds

- includes the first bird “archaeopteryx”

89
Q

which taxa fall under “crown-group birds”?

A

Enantiornithes
Ornithurae
Aves (Ostrich and turkey)

90
Q

briefly describe the K-Pg extinction

A
  • one of the big 5
  • extinction of ammonites, non avian birds
  • meteor impact causing global firestorm
  • bedding with iridium
91
Q

why did aves survive the K-Pg?

A

likely due to their size and diet-type. having beaks really helped them out compared to long-mouthed dinos

EOS 330 (6 decks)

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