midterm Flashcards
required to visualize areas of the body when the organ or system of interest is too similar to the surrounding area.
Contrast agents
are rarely used because CT and MRI have replaced procedures that were once performed with these gaseous materials.
Negative contrast agents
are used primarily to add density to vasculature structures of an organ.
Intravascular radiopaque contrast media
are effective photon absorbers in the body because of they are derivatives of tri-iodinated benzoic acid
Positive agents
most common type used in imaging of GI system
Barium
another type of contrast used for GI imaging
Gastrografin
High atomic number: decrease radiographic density on the IR
Iodine, barium, bromine
able to absorb x-ray photons, thus allowing the area of interest to be seen on the radiographic image as white area.
Iodine
are used to increase the visibility of body cavities, organs, and the vascular system in diagnostic imaging, fluoroscopy, and other imaging modalities such as CT and MRI
Contrast agents
distributed easily to areas where visualization is required for diagnosis
Distribution
excreted from the body in a relatively safe manner
Excretion
large dose of contrast media is administered at one time
Bolus
Radiodensity in body tissues of contrast agent is related to the percentage of iodine in the contrast medium.
Ionic and Nonionic contrast agents
reaction to the procedure itself rather than to the contrast agent
Vasovagal response
Food and Drug Administration
1906
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
1938
Childhood Vaccine Act
1986
Prescription Drug user free Act
1992
Dietary Supplement Health and education act
1994
FDA Modernization Act
1997
a contract wherein the patient voluntarily gives permission to someone to perform a procedure or service.
Consent
obtaining a patient’s permission to perform a procedure without knowledge of that procedure.
Simple consent
when the patient does not stop the procedure from taking place.
Express consent
occurs in emergency situations when it is not possible to obtain consent from the patient, his or her parents, or a legal representative.
Implied consent
This occurs when the patient has not been informed adequately to make a responsible decision.
ignorant consent
Drugs that relieve pain without loss of consciousness.
ANALGESICS
Acts on the CNS to produce loss of sensation.
ANESTHETIC AGENTS
can be divided into inhalation agents such as sevoflurane (Ultane) or intravenous agents such as propofol (Diprivan)
General anesthetics
such as mepivacaine (Carbocaine) block nerve conduction from an area of the body to the CNS. The extent of their action depends on the area to which they are applied.
Local anesthetics
Also called anxiolytics, are drugs used in the treatment of anxiety
They act on the CNS to calm or relax the anxious patient.
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
Used to treat arrhythmias. The abnormal rhythm may occur in the atria or in the ventricles.
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Also called antimicrobials are drugs used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS/ ANTIBIOTICS
are drugs that reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of the GI tract, and secretions from the respiratory tract and secretory glands.
ANTICHOLINERGICS
-Inhibit clotting of the blood or increase the coagulation time.
-Use primarily to prevent or treat thromboembolic disorder
ANTICOAGULANT
antiepileptic drugs are drugs used to prevent or control the occurrence of seizures.
ANTICONVULSANTS
Are drugs used in the treatment of depression. These drugs often require several weeks of administration to achieve their maximal therapeutic effects
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Insulin is the only treatment used to treat type 1 but is also used in the treatment for type 2.
ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
-Drug used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting.
-They are most effective when given before the onset of symptoms.
ANTIEMETIC DRUGS
-Substances that destroys or suppress the growth or multiplication of fungi.
-Fungal infections are more likely to occur in patients who are immunocompromised.
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Used to treat hypertension.
Hypertension, if left untreated can lead to heart disease, kidney disease, strokes, and blindness.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
-Drugs inhibit platelet aggregation.
-Indications: MI, stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
ANTIPLATELETS
neuroleptics are used to treat psychotic diseases like schizophrenia, delusional disorders, acute mania, and agitated states.
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
-Used to treat peptic ___ both gastric and duodenal, and GERD.
ANTIULCER AGENTS
-substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of viruses.
-Used to treat herpes simplex, chicken pox, shingles, influenza and HIV.
ANTIVIRAL
-are drugs used in the treatment of asthma and COPD.
-It relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and dilates the respiratory passage.
BRONCHODILATORS
-Increase levels of acetylcholine a major neurotransmitter in the CNS major.
-Indications: AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) reduce by 90%
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
-Used to control hemorrhage or to speed up coagulation.
-Most are preparations of vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin needed for normal blood coagulation.
COAGULANTS
-Used to reduce symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory disorders or for short-term treatment of acute inflammatory conditions.
Contricosteroids
-Increase the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys thus removing sodium and water from the body.
DIURETICS
-Affects the endocrine system.
HORMONES
