midterm Flashcards
diencaphalon
sits on top of the brainstem responsible for integrating sesnory and motor information on its way to the cortex
What are the two structues in the diencpalaon
thalamus: organizer and integrator of information travelling to the cerrebal cortex and all other sensory systems
hypothalamus: responsible for contorlling the brain’s hormone production, sex, sleep, temperature, hormone function ect
forebrain
most evolutionarily recent addition to the brain and it has two major structures with imporant roles. Coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language; allocortex, neocortex and basal ganglia
cortex
the cortex is a part of the forebrain, and it has two parts to it,
1. the neocortex is unique to Mammels and its primary function is to construct a perceptual world and react to it.
2. allocortex, found in brids and reptiles it plays a role in contorlling motivational and emotional states
What are the three main structues in the allocortex
Amygdala: anxiety and fear
hippocampus: navigation, finding our way, word finding
cingulate cortex: is above the hippocampus, involved in emotion formation and processing, learning, memory, linking behavioral outcomes to motivation
basal ganglia
a collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain it basiclly controls volentary movement
craniel nerve
they create links from the brain, neck, and variors organs. they can hace afferent functions or efferent functions
vertebrea
bony spinal colourm that cover the spinal cord
Cell body (soma)
The core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins . It pays a role n the integration of information
Dendrites
Branching extension of a neurons cels membrane; greatly increases the cell’s surface area; collects information from other cells.
Axon
Root, or single fibre of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons
Neural network
Functional group of neurons that connects to wide areas of the brain and spinal cord
Things to note about neurons:
- most behaviours are produced by groups of hundreds or thousands of neurons
- neurons are placing; they are continuously chnaging as a result of experience
- most of your neruons are with you for life and are never replaced
Dendritic spine
Protrusion that greatly increases the dendrites surface area; typical point of dentrite contact with the axons of other cells
Axon hillock
Juncture of the cell body and axon
Axon collaterals
Branch of an axon
Terminal button
Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons
Synapse
Spational junction between one neurons and another; forms the information transfer site between neurons
Sensory neurons
Cell that detects or carries sensory information into the spinal cord and brain
Somatosensory neurons
Brain cell that brings sensory information from he body to the spinal cord
Bipolar neuron
Sensory neurons with one axon and one dendrite. Found in the retina, conduct afferent info the visual center’s of the brain
Interneurons
Association cells interposed bewteen a sensory neurons and a motor neuron, super complex
Purkinjee cell
Distinctively shaped Interneurons that’s transports information from the cerebellum to the the rest fo the Brian
Pyramidal cell
Cell that as a lion axon and two cents of dentures it is distinctively shapes and found in he cerebral contex sending information to the rest of the brain
Motor neurons
Cell that carries efferent information from the brain and spinal cord to make muscles contract
How do neurons talk to each other
Each neurons receives thousands of excitatory and inhabitatory signals every second
Neurons sum tese signals an respon accordingly
From the simple “yes-no” language of neurons emerges enormous posbllties fr behaviour
Signals
Incoming signal is analog (waves)
Outgoing signal is digital (boxes)
Ischemic stroke
Stroke resulting from a blocked vessel - less serve, more common
Hemogeric stroke
A stroke resulting from bleeding from a. Blood vessel, more severe less common
