Discussion 18 Flashcards
Adenosinergic
Caffeine has a very similar structure to adenosine and binds to
adenosine receptors without activating them, thereby blocking the effect of adenosine and thus acting as an adenosine antagonist. Endogenous adenosine induces drowsiness, and caffeine works in opposition to this, making us feel more alert and peppy.
cholinergic
When smoke from a tobacco cigarette is inhaled, within a few
seconds nicotine stimulates acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, which then indirectly causes the release of acetylcholine and several other neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, arginine vasopressin, serotonin, endorphins, and dopamine. It is the release of dopamine that provides the reinforcing aspect of nicotine. (agonists)
GABAergic
At low doses, GABAergic agonists reduce anxiety; at medium doses,
they sedate; at high doses, they anesthetize or induce coma. At very
high doses, they can kill. Excitation of the GABA receptor produces an influx of Cl through its pore. An influx of Cl increases the concentration of negative charges inside the cell membrane, hyper-polarizing it and making it less
likely to propagate an action potential. GABA therefore produces its inhibitory effect by decreasing a neuron’s firing rate. Widespread
reduction of neuronal firing underlies the behavioral effects of drugs that affect the GABA synapseGABA is a key molecule that ensures that you continue on the appropriate developmental trajectory of the nervous system
FASD
Range of multiple symptoms caused by immense alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Significant differences in brain development
Alcohol consumption preconception - epigenetics - from dad can lead to FASD
Glutamergenic
Both PCP and ketamine are also known as dissociative anesthetics,
compounds that produce feelings of detachment—dissociation—from
the environment and self because they distort perceptions of sight and
sound. Research indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as well as inhibiting dopamine reuptake; therefore, PCP is also a dopaminergic agonist, which may account for some of its psychoactive effects
dopamine agonists
amphetamine is a dopamine agonist. It
prevents dopamine reuptake by reversing the direction of the
transporter, allowing dopamine to continue to interact with postsynaptic
D receptors. promotes the realse of dopamine
dopamine antagonists
Dopamine antagonists have been widely used to treat psychosis and szcheophreian as it is said that it is due to an over production of dopaminergic cells (FGAs). They include the drug
classes phenothiazines (for example, chlorpromazine [Thorazine]) and
butyrophenones (haloperidol [Haldol]). FGAs act mainly by blocking
the dopamine D receptor, which immediately reduces motor activity
and alleviates the excessive agitation of some people with
schizophrenia.
serotonergic agonists
Serotonergic agonists are well known for altering perceptions of one’s surroundings, feelings, sensations, and images
what are three medications prescribed for depression
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs)
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Second-generation antidepressants
opoids
An opioid is any endogenous or exogenous compound that binds to
opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. These psychoactive
compounds have sleep-inducing (narcotic) and pain-relieving
(analgesic) properties. TResearch has identified five classes of opioid peptides: dynorphins,
enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins, and nociceptin. The four
receptors on which each opioid peptide binds are the delta, kappa, mu,
and nociceptin receptors. All opioid peptides and their receptors occur
in many CNS regions, as well as in other areas of the body, including
the enteric nervous system (ENS).
what are the three types of opoids
There are three sources of opioids: isolated
(morphine, codeine), altered (heroin, oxycodone), and synthetic
(fentanyl, methadone)
naxalone (narcan)
act as antagonists at opioid
receptors. Naloxone is a
competitive inhibitor: it competes with
opioids for neuronal receptors. Because they can enter the brain quickly, competitive inhibitors rapidly block the actions of opioids and so are essential aids in treating opioid overdoses.
cannabinoid
THC alters mood primarily by interacting with
the cannabidiol 1 (CB1) receptor found on neurons, and it also binds
with the CB2 receptors found on glial cells and in other body tissues.
Cannabis has extremely low toxicity—no one has ever died of an
overdose—but may have a detrimental effect on mood and memory as
well as a positive effect on mental overload
