Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

tornado

A
  • a violently rotating column of air associated with extreme horizontal winds
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2
Q

latent heat

A
  • the amount of heat that is either absorbed or released when a substance changes phases
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3
Q

conduction

A
  • the transfer of heat through a substance by means of atomic or molecular interactions
  • Relies on temperature differences, causing heat to flow through a substance from an area of greater temperature to an area of lesser temperature
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4
Q

convection

A
  • the transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid, such as water or air
  • important process for the transfer of atmospheric heat in thunderstorms and in the large-scale circulation of warm air away from the equator
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5
Q

radiation

A
  • refers to wave-like energy that is emitted by any substance that possesses heat
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6
Q

atmosphere

A
  • the thin gaseous envelope that
    surrounds Earth
  • made up of gas molecules, suspended particles of solid and liquid, and falling precipitation
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7
Q

relative humidity

A
  • the ratio of the water vapor present in the atmosphere to the maximum amount of water vapor that could be there for a given temperature
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8
Q

troposphere

A
  • lowest layer of the atmosphere
  • where we are
  • boundary to the next layer is the tropopause
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9
Q

jet streams

A
  • westerly winds (flowing from
    west to east) that encircle the globe and play an important role in creating severe weather and controlling the
    path of storms
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10
Q

Coriolis effect

A
  • the apparent deflection of moving objects due to the Earth’s rotation
  • happens because Earth, our frame of reference, rotates beneath the flowing air masses, causing a deflection of the wind to
    the right or to the left
  • winds in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the right and blow in a
    counterclockwise rotation around the low-pressure center
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11
Q

front

A
  • the boundary between a cooler and warmer air mass
  • called a cold front when cold air is moving into a mass of warm air and a warm front when the opposite occurs
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12
Q

Vertical wind shear

A
  • produced by an increase in wind velocity with altitude, or change in the horizontal direction of wind with altitude, which causes a rolling motion—horizontal axis rotation—of the air in the lower troposphere
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13
Q

supercell storm

A
  • The most damaging of all severe thunderstorms
  • defined by the presence of an upward spiraling columnnof air—vertical axis rotation—known as a mesocyclone
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14
Q

lightening

A
  • consists of flashes of light produced by
    the discharge of millions of joules of electricity
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15
Q

hail-stones

A
  • hard, rounded, or irregular pieces of ice
  • produced by large thunderstorms
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16
Q

EF scale

A
  • Enhanced Fujita
  • assigns values to tornados based on a post-storm damage survey
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17
Q

blizzards

A
  • severe winter storms in which large
    amounts of falling or blowing snow are driven by high winds to create low visibilities for an extended period of time
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18
Q

ice storms

A
  • prolonged periods of freezing rain, can
    be more damaging than blizzards and just as dangerous
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19
Q

drought

A
  • An extended period of unusually low precipitation that produces a temporary shortage of water for people, other animals, and plants
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20
Q

dust storms

A
  • strong windstorms in which suspended dust that is carried by the wind reduces visibility for a significant period of time
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21
Q

heat waves

A
  • prolonged periods of extreme heat that are both longer and hotter than normal
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22
Q

heat index

A
  • measures the body’s perception of air temperature, which is greatly influenced by humidity
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23
Q

Urban heat island effect

A
  • a local climatic condition in which a metropolitan area may become as much as 12°C (~22°F) warmer than the surrounding countryside
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24
Q

warning

A
  • indicates that the area affected is in
    danger, and people should take immediate action to protect themselves and others
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25
Q

wildfire

A
  • a self-sustaining, rapid, high-temperature
    biochemical oxidation reaction that releases heat, light, and other product
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26
Q

pyrolysis

A
  • literally means “heat divided”
  • a group of processes that chemically degrade the fuel
  • ex: takes place when you scorch a piece of toast and turn it black
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27
Q

combustion

A
  • begins with ignition
  • marks the start of a set of processes
    completely different from those related to preignition
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28
Q

hydrophobic layer

A
  • a water repellant layer in the soil that is caused by an extremely hot fire
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29
Q

dry ravel

A
  • the process where sediment moves downslope in dry weather following a wildfire
  • moves sediments like sand, gravel, and organic material
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30
Q

sediment flushing

A
  • sediment is flushed from the channel, leaving it much as it was before the fire
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31
Q

vegetation fire

A
  • effects on vegetation are numerous, varied, and complex
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32
Q

wildland–urban interface

A
  • the fringes of wetland
  • more people are living here as human population increases
  • Homes are built in undeveloped canyons and on wooded slopes susceptible to fire
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33
Q

fire regime

A
  • includes (1) the types of fuel that are found in plant communities; (2) typical fire behavior as described by fire size,
    intensity, and amount of biomass removed; and (3) the overall fire history of the area, including fire frequency and recurrence interval
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34
Q

prescribed burns

A
  • a controlled fire that is intentionally set to manage land and resources
  • counters the dangerous build up of fuel
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35
Q

red flag warnings

A
  • issued by National Weather Service forecast offices when extreme fire conditions either are occurring or will take place in less than 24 hours
  • alert people
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36
Q

cyclone

A
  • an area or center of low atmospheric pressure characterized by rotating winds
  • ex: Hurricane Sandy
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37
Q

tropical cyclones

A
  • form over warm tropical or subtropical ocean water, typically between 5° and 20° latitude
  • not associated with fronts
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38
Q

extratropical cyclones

A
  • develop over land or water in temperate regions, typically between 30° and 70° latitude
  • generally associated with fronts
    and have cool central core
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39
Q

cyclone intensity

A
  • usually indicated by their sustained wind speeds and lowest atmospheric pressure
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40
Q

hurricanes

A
  • ## strong tropical cyclones
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41
Q

typhoons

A
  • name for hurricanes n the Pacific Ocean west of the International
    Dateline (180° longitude) and north of the equator
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42
Q

tropical cyclone

A
  • general term for large thunderstorm complex with winds that circulate inward toward an area of atmospheric low pressure that has formed over warm tropical ocean water
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43
Q

tropical disturbance

A
  • what most hurricanes start out as
  • a large area of unsettled weather that is typically 200 to 600 km (~120 to 370 mi.) in diameter and has an organized mass of thunderstorms that persists for more than 24 hours
44
Q

easterly waves

A
  • North–south elongatated troughs that form over west Africa and migrate
    westward across the Atlantic Ocean with the trade winds at a rate of 15–30 km (~10–20 mi.) per hour
45
Q

tropical depression

A
  • what a tropical disturbance may become if winds increase and spiral around the area of disturbed weather to form a low-pressure center
46
Q

tropical storm

A
  • what the depression is upgraded to once maximum sustained wind speeds increase to 63 km (~39 mi.) per hour
47
Q

rains band

A
  • The clouds that spiral around a hurricane
  • contain numerous thunderstorms
48
Q

eyewall

A
  • innermost band of clouds that the most rainfall and winds happen in
49
Q

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

A
  • A fluctuating atmospheric pressure
    phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean that affects the flow of westerly winds in the midlatitudes primarily during winter months
50
Q

overwash

A
  • deposits that are formed by sand eroded from the beach and coastal sand dunes
    that gets carried landward by the storm surge
  • form as broad fans or deltas at the end of
    channels as the storm surge cuts through the beach and dunes perpendicular to the shoreline
51
Q

sea cliff

A
  • The landward extent of the beach that is a cliff
  • called this along the seashore, but a bluff along a lakeshore
52
Q

relative sea level

A
  • the position of the sea at seashore
  • Influenced by both the movement of the land and the movement of the water
53
Q

eustatic sea level

A
  • also called global sea level
  • Controlled by processes that affect the overall volume of water in the ocean and
    the shape of the ocean basins
54
Q

rip currents

A
  • Ppowerful currents form that carry large amounts of water away from the shore
  • develop when a series of large waves
    piles up water between the longshore bar and the swash zone
55
Q

beach budget

A
  • An easy way to visualize erosion at a
    particular beach is to take a beach budget approach
  • we can analyze a beach in terms of input, storage, and output of the sand or gravel that makes up the beach
  • Most input of sediment to a beach is caused by the coastal processes that move the sediment along the shore or by local wave erosion
56
Q

seawalls

A
  • Structures built on land parallel to the coastline to help slow erosion and protect buildings from damage
57
Q

beach nourishment

A
  • The process of adding sand, gravel, or other sediment to a beach to compensate for erosion
  • requires extracting sand from the ocean floor and placing it onto the beach
58
Q

breakwater

A
  • Designed to intercept waves and
    provide a protected area or harbor for mooring boats or ships
59
Q

Jetties

A
  • Usually built in pairs, perpendicular to
    the shore at the mouth of a river or at the entrance of an inlet to a bay or lagoon
60
Q

weather

A
  • condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place
  • short term
61
Q

climate

A
  • weather that is observed and measured over a long period of time
62
Q

external energy

A
  • Weather disasters are fueled by the Sun
  • Weather drives hydrologic cycle which in turn drives erosion
  • Sun heats earth unevenly – this causes our patterns of weather & climate
63
Q

greenhouse effect

A
  • a natural process that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, making the planet warmer than it would be without it
  • Allows visible light, inhibits outgoing
    radiation
64
Q

specific heat

A
  • water has a high specific heat
  • heats up and cools down slowly
65
Q

relative humidity

A
  • the amount of water vapor present in air
  • how close the air is to being fully saturated
  • 100%= in a cloud or fully raining
  • based on air’s water content and capacity
66
Q

dew point

A
  • the temperature to which air would have to be cooled for saturation to occur
  • the higher it is, the higher the water vapor content
67
Q

air

A
  • easily compressed, denser closer to Earth’s surface, high pressure at surface, held by gravity
  • flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
68
Q

adiabatic cooling/warming

A
  • expansion causes cooling, which is when the temperature decreases without the loss of heat energy
  • compression causes warming, which when the temperature increases without gain in heat energy
69
Q

air mass

A
  • chunk of air that is based on some type of moisture and temperature property
    • Ex: cool moist air mass
70
Q

high pressure systems

A
  • sinking air at at the surface, the air is moving out
  • sunny, dry, calm days
71
Q

low pressure systems

A
  • air converges and rises
  • makes thunderstorms, winter storms, etc
  • unstable air
72
Q

cold fronts

A
  • more commonly seen
  • cold air mass moves in and under warm air mass, lifting it up
73
Q

warm fronts

A
  • widespread light precipitation
  • warm air flows up and over cold air mass
74
Q

dry line

A
  • neither warm nor cold front
  • Steep change in moisture
  • Can produce cumulus clouds or thunderstorms
75
Q

rain

A
  • Above freezing diameter of 0.5mm or larger
  • If smaller than 0.5mm—-drizzle
76
Q

snow

A
  • Most of our precip starts as snow
  • Snow reaching the ground depends on the freezing level in the atmosphere
77
Q

dry snow

A
  • small powdery snow that is good to ski in
78
Q

wet snow

A
  • about at the freezing line
  • clumpy snowflakes
  • good for making snowmen
79
Q

sleet vs freezing rain

A
  • falling snowflake melts as it goes through warm layer
  • if it falls through layer of below freezing air near the surface, it will freeze into an ice pelet= sleet
  • if that same cold layer is too shallow to freeze a pellet, drops will be supercooled=freezing rain
80
Q

types of winter storms

A
  • heavy snow-snow squall
  • alberta clippers
  • Nor’easters
  • blizzards
  • ice storms
  • lake effect snow
81
Q

how do winter storms form?

A
  • Cold, dry air interacts with warm, moist air
    creates a lot of energy
82
Q

alberta clippers

A
  • light snow
  • high winds (35-45 mph)
  • sharp drop in temperature
83
Q

Nor’Eastern

A
  • originates neat southeast coast
  • heavy rain or snow
  • blizzard like conditions
84
Q

blizzards

A
  • Long lasting snowstorm with strong winds and intense snowfall
    • Cold air at the surface
    • Large amounts of moisture
    • Lift (warm air must rise over cold air)
      Criteria:
  • Sustained winds or frequent gusts of 35mph or more
  • Visibility less than ¼ mile
  • Conditions prevailing for more than 3 hours
85
Q

snow squalls

A
  • high impacts
  • flash freezes
86
Q

ice storms

A
  • Caused by freezing rain
  • NWS- accumulation of at least 0.25 inches of ice on exposed surfaces
  • Form when precipitation falls through a shallow layer of warm air, then freezing near the surface
87
Q

lake effect snow

A
  • cold air blows over a large relatively warm lake, and there is a build up of clouds, and snow dumps to the eastern shore of the lake
88
Q

watch

A
  • looking at the conditions, could happen or not
89
Q

warning

A
  • probably going to happen
90
Q

advisory

A
  • in between watch and warning
91
Q

storm of the century 1993

A
  • Formed of the Gulf of Mexico on March 12 1993
  • Heavy snow stretching from Alabama (69 inches in TN)
  • Hurricane force winds
  • High Storm surge
  • Scattered Tornadoes in the south
  • Record cold temperatures across the south and east (-12F)
  • 208 fatalities, 10 million without power
92
Q

the blizzard of 2016 (Snowzilla)

A
  • Up to 3 feet of snow in Mid-Atlantic and
    Northeast
  • 12 States declared State of Emergency
  • 13,000 flights cancelled
  • At least 55 fatalities
  • Low pressure over Texas
  • New low pressure over Carolinas threw forecasters off
  • Strengthened as it moved north
93
Q

March 2017 North American Blizzard

A
  • Up to 3 feet of snow
  • Extratropical cyclone from North Pacific moved ashore and created new low
  • Alberta Clipper
  • Weak low from Gulf moved NE fed moisture into northern system
  • New low near Georgia- Nor’easter
  • Controversy in NYC
94
Q

Jan 2018 Grayson

A
  • Below average temps for East
  • Low pressure system dropped pressure very quickly
  • Historic “bombcyclone”
  • 22 fatalities
  • 300,000 without power
95
Q

extreme cold

A
  • ~1300 deaths per year
  • Hypothermia
  • Vulnerable subpopulations
  • Homeless, elderly
96
Q

polar vortex

A
  • extreme cold air from Arctic region
  • jet stream brings down extreme temperatures in the middle of the US every winter
97
Q

health risks

A
  • frost bites
  • hypothermia
98
Q

drainage basin

A
  • The region drained by a single stream or river
  • also called watershed or river basin
99
Q

discharge

A
  • The volume of water moving through a cross-section of a river per unit time
100
Q

floodplain

A
  • Relatively flat land adjacent
    to a river that is produced by river processes
  • meanders migrate back and forth across this
101
Q

flooding

A
  • The natural process of overbank flow
102
Q

flash floods

A
  • Typically occur in the upper part of a
    drainage basin (zone 1) and in some small drainage basins of tributaries to a larger river
103
Q

downstream floods

A
  • In zone 2
  • often make national television and newspaper headlines
104
Q

megafloods

A
  • a high-magnatide, low-frequency, catastrophic flood that involves the sudden release of a large amount of water
105
Q

Water–Energy–Food Nexus

A
  • a concept that describes the interdependencies between water, energy, and food security
106
Q

channelization

A
  • a method of engineering that modifies rivers and roads to improve flow and reduce flooding