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PHL 261 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important questions of ethics? Which of the important questions are first-order and which are metaethics?

A

which actions are right and wrong? first-order
what makes actions right and wrong? first-order
is there such a thing as right and wrong?
metaethics

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2
Q

what is the point of ethical theories?

A

an ethical theory provides a decision procedure when making hard decisions

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3
Q

What is the method for deciding which ethical theory is correct?

A

If it comes to the intuitively correct result in a specific moral dilemma

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4
Q

why is the issue of how moral judgments formed important?

A

It often guides one’s behavior

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5
Q

What are the challenges we face when trying to make correct moral judgements?

A

Judgements can be contaminated by irrelevant factors, and we might not know why we make them

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6
Q

What is main contrast between deontology and utilitarianism?

A

Deontology needs to know what the action is before making the decision

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7
Q

What is the general view of utilitarianism

A

an action is right if and only if it leaves the most people the best off

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8
Q

How does Utilitarianism relate to consequentialism?

A

Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism

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9
Q

What is the greatest happiness principle?

A

Utilitarianism

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10
Q

how is utilitarianism universalist and impartialist

A

Every person’s welfare is to be taken into account equally

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11
Q

What is the general view of deontology?

A

an action is right if and only if it doesn’t violate the universal moral laws. There are certain actions that are always wrong

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12
Q

What actions did Kant considered to be forbidden?

A

murder, stealing, not caring for one’s children, and using a person as a means to an end

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13
Q

What is the doctrine of double effect?

A

It is acceptable to harm as a side effect of causing a good end

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14
Q

What is the bystander case?

A

There is a run-away trolley going towards five people. If you flip the switch, you change its direction and only kill one.

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15
Q

What is the footbridge case?

A

There is a runaway trolley going towards five people and you and someone else with a backpack on are on a bridge above the tracks. If you push the man with the backpack, you can save the 5 people.

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16
Q

What is the medical sacrifice case?

A

you are the chief surgeon of a hospital. a healthy patient comes to the hospital to have his tonsils out. five other gravely ill patients in the hospital would live if you were to take his organs and distribute them to other patients

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17
Q

What are some cases where the good of the many outweigh violations of a moral law?

A

Those, torturing to save the world, and the Nazi case.

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18
Q

What is the utilitarianist and deontological reaction for the bystander case?

A

Utilitarianism=flip the switch so five won’t die
Deontology=it’s murder so don’t

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19
Q

What is the utilitarianist and deontological reaction for the footbridge case?

A

Utilitarianism=Push him so five won’t die
Deontology=it’s murder so don’t

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20
Q

What is the utilitarianist and deontological reaction for the medical sacrifice case?

A

Utilitarianism= take the organs
deontology= don’t take organs

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21
Q

how do these theories respond in cases where it doesn’t go well for the theory

A

the way to maximize the good is by having rules that everyone needs to follow

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22
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

tracks amount of blood going to various parts of brain. indirectly measures activity level by neural spiking

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23
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions

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24
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

a set of more deeply located (mostly subcortical) structures that are the locus of emotional processing

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25
Q

What are the functions of the Amygdala?

A

involved in fear processing

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26
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

A

involved in memory processing

27
Q

What is vmPFC and what is its functions?

A

ventromedial Pre-Frontal Cortex and its functions is integrating emotion into decision and judgement

28
Q

What is dlPFC and what is its functions?

A

dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex and its function is working memory

29
Q

What are the results of vmPFC damage?

A

intellectual ability is preserved, but there are severe impairments in behavioral control and decision-making such as lack of empathy, blunted emotions, and no alarming from disturbing images

30
Q

What are some famous cases of vmPFC damage?

A

Phineas Gage and ‘Eliot’

31
Q

What are the components of the dual process argument

A

deontology comes from automatic emotional responses, whereas consequentialism is more a product of conscious reasoning. automatic emotional responses are more sensitive to non-moral factors than is conscious reasoning. therefore, we should prefer consequentialism

32
Q

What are personal and impersonal harms?

A

A personal harm is one that physically hurts a specific function. An impersonal harm is one that hurts someone indirectly.

33
Q

What does emotion relate to personal and impersonal harms?

A

witnessing of a personal harm will be associated with hard-wired, strong emotional reactions

34
Q

How does natural selection relate to personal and impersonal harms?

A

humans (like other primates) are evolved to have strong negative emotions in response to personal harms

35
Q

How does judgement relate to personal and impersonal harm?

A

Personal and impersonal harms are the factors we make

36
Q

What are the components of system 1

A

fast, effortless, automatic, unconscious, requires no attention, runs in parallel

37
Q

What are the components of System 2

A

slow, effortful, voluntary, conscious, requires attention, runs serially

38
Q

What is system 1 and 2’s links with cognition and emotion?

A

The distinction appears in domains of morality, belief-formation, and other areas of cognition

39
Q

What is system 1 and 2’s link with consequentialism and deontology

A

Deontology comes from automatic emotional responses (System 1), whereas consequentialism is more a product of conscious reasoning (System 2)

40
Q

What is the link between cognition and consequentialism

A

In consequentialism, you think things through to make the best decision for all partys

41
Q

What is the link between deontology and emotion

A

In deontology, emotion plays a vital part in making decisions.

42
Q

What is the dual process argument

A

System 1 is responsible for deontological judgements.

43
Q

What is the neuroscientific evidence of the dual process argument, and how it can be interpreted as favoring consequentialism

A

Subjects who gave consequentialist responses when given questions showed higher activity in cognitive areas

44
Q

What is rationalism?

A

one can know the principles of morality just using reason

45
Q

What is sentimentalism?

A

emotion is necessary to moral judgments

46
Q

What is Kohlberg’s psychological rationalism and some evidence for it

A

moral judgments are the result of explicit reasoning-subjects who were against some practice would cite reasons for being opposed

47
Q

What is Turiel’s harm hypothesis and some evidence for it

A

moral rules always involve someone being harmed, or having rights violated-moral violations are considered more serious than in case of conventional rules

48
Q

What is the moral and conventional distinction and some evidence for it

A

Moral rules are universal and objective while conventional rules are only wrong if locally held as such

49
Q

What is the general form of “chicken abuse and toilet cleaning” study?

A

high- or low- socioeconomic subjects in North/South American cites had to say whether certain actions are harmful and/or wrong such as sex with chicken corpse or using flag to clean toilet.

50
Q

What was the result of the “chicken abuse and toilet cleaning” study?

A

subjects would often judge some actions to be wrong, while also judging them to be not harmful

51
Q

Why does the “chicken abuse and toilet cleaning” study contradict rationalism?

A

There is no found reason the actions are immoral they “just are” based on how we feel about them

52
Q

Why does the “chicken abuse and toilet cleaning” study contradict Harm hypothesis?

A

nobody was really harmed during the actions, yet we still view them as wrong

53
Q

What is general form of the ‘Moral Dumbfounding’ study

A

subjects had to judge whether certain actions such as protected sex with sibling or woman eating flesh donated for medical research was wrong, then experimenter would argue with them about their responses

54
Q

What were the main results of the ‘moral dumbfounding’ study

A

many subjects would claim to be dumbfounded, knowing the action was wrong but not having the words to express so.

55
Q

Why did the ‘moral dumbfounding’ study contradict rationalism

A

There is no found reason the actions are immoral they “just are” based on how we feel about them

56
Q

Why did the ‘moral dumbfounding’ study contradict the Harm hypothesis?

A

nobody was really harmed during the actions, yet we still view them as wrong

57
Q

What is the main idea behind social intuition?

A

moral judgment is caused by quick, affect-laden intuitions and moral reasoning comes after to convince others that moral judgement was correct

58
Q

How is moral reasoning and moral intuition linked to social intuition?

A

Moral intuition is the first thought and is backed up with moral reasoning to make sure you were correct

59
Q

How is system 1 and 2 linked to social intuition?

A

System 1 is the moral intuition and system 2 comes in through moral reasoning to make sure you are correc

60
Q

What is the main idea of disgust and moral judgement experiment

A

subjects were asked a variety of scenarios and asked if they were okay, but some people were in room with fart spray/// High stink room subjects were prone to view scenarios as bad, showing a link between disgust and moral judgements

61
Q

How is moral reasoning and moral intuition linked to moral judgement experiment

A

Subjects were prone to say scenarios are morally wrong out of intuition due to disgust in the room though they may not have moral reasoning to show why

62
Q

How does the view of intuitionism relate to the moral judgement experiment

A

Subjects didn’t reason but used intuition to make decisions based on disgust from surrounding smells.

63
Q

How does system 1 and system 2 fit in to the moral judgement experiment?

A

Subjects used system 1 to make decision due to disgust of room, not the actual scenario.

64
Q
A

PHL 261 (2 decks)

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