Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Behavioural Perspective
A
Created by BF Skinner. ex: operant conditioning and positive reinforcement
2
Q
Evolutionary Perspective
A
Darwin. species change over time and we share common ancestors
3
Q
Psychodynamic Perspective
A
Freud. unconscious psychological process
4
Q
Cognitive Perspective
A
Jean Piaget. Stages of development, problem solving and memory
5
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
how the brain works, memory, learning, making decisions
6
Q
Social Psychologist
A
how thoughts, feelings, and behaviours affect us in the presence of others
7
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
Diagnosing, Prescribing
8
Q
Developmental Psychology
A
Aging, growing up
9
Q
Hindsight Bias
A
looking at something after the fact, aftermath
10
Q
An Empirical Approach
A
numbers, statistics,
11
Q
A Scientific Attitude
A
Accuracy, calculations, observations and reports
12
Q
Overconfidence
A
overestimating knowledge and abilities
13
Q
A Scientific Attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to…..
A
recognize the errors in our own ideas
14
Q
Critical Thinking
A
questioning things
15
Q
Experimentation
A
Running experiments
16
Q
Correlation
A
+= positive correlation
-= negative correlation
1= perfect
0.70 to 1 is moderate to strong anything below is weak
17
Q
Naturalistic Observation
A
observing subjects in natural habitat without them knowing
18
Q
Replication Experiement
A
Recreating the experiment
19
Q
The Case Study
A
Descriptive research of a person, group or event
20
Q
Random Sampling
A
People walking on the street
20
Q
Correlational Research
A
tests the strength of a relationship between 2 or more variables without researchers manipulating any of them
21
Q
Simple Random Sample
A
50 girls, 50 boys: pick 10 random boys and 10 random girls
22
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body
23
Q
Parathyroids
A
hormone that controls the release of calcium
24
Synapses
where neurons connect and communicate with each
other
25
Neural Networks
interconnected units that connect the hemispheres and send signals to one and other
26
Endocrine Glands
Organ that makes hormones and releases them into the blood
27
Axon
The neuron located in the center of the cell between soma and axon terminals
28
Synaptic gap
Pathway that neurons send and receive signals from other neurons
29
Myelin Sheath
on the outside of nerves, allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells
30
Medulla
essential, respiratory, cardiovascular, motor and sensory tracts, the connection between brainstem and spinal cord
31
Ceerebellum
movement, motor activity and balance
32
Amygdala
Emotions, fear, memory, social cognition
33
Hippocampus
memory and learning
34
Hypothalamus
temp regulation, thirst, hunger, hormone control, mood
35
Thalamus
relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex, attention and info processing
36
Occipital
processing eye info, vision, balance, distance and depth perception, colour determination, object and face recognition
37
Parietal
sensory (5 senses) vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, sight, touch, and smell, speech
38
Temporal
managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, hearing, and understanding language.
39
Frontal
thinking, impulses, voluntary movement, expressive language, deep thought
40
Genetic Predisposition
more likely to inherit certain genes, illnesses or behaviours
41
Nature vs Nurture
Genetic behaviours vs learned behaviour
Nature: personality traits
Nurture: religious beliefs,
political attitude, moral values
42
Norms
Shared standard of acceptability
43
Object permanence
devolopes in the sensorimotor stage (0-2). a child knows an object is still around even if they can not see or feel it.
44
Stranger Anxiety
crying when an unfamiliar person approaches, distinguishing familiar with unfamiliar
45
Theory of Mind
Understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, mental states, knowledge, intentions and beliefs
46
Egocentrism
develops in the preoperational stage (2-6). A child's thinking is self-centered.
47
Capacity for abstract reasoning
developed in the formal operational stage (11-16). Identify patterns and think conceptually
48
Concept of Conservation
deveoples in the concrete operational stage (7-11). The amount of liquid doesn't change depending on the glass it was put in.
49
Insecure Attachment Theory
lack of trust and a lack of a secure base.
50
Postconventional Mortality
ethical reasoning, making decisions based on rights, values and duties, NOT ADHERING TO SOCIETY
51
Role Confusion
changing beliefs, external appearance, figuring out who they are.
52
Conventional Mortality
Accepting society's views of right and wrong, social norms, Adhering to societies expectations
53
Preconventional Mortality
childhood-not yet adopted the moral principles of society, Adhering to self-interest only
54
Formal Conventional Mortality
Social rules, laws,
55
Hypnagogic Sensations
brief hallucinations that take place while falling asleep. stage 1 of sleep
56
Biological Rhythms
internal clock, sleep, body temp, hormones
57
REM rebound
catching up on lost REM sleep the next night
58
Sequential Processing
Executing tasks in specific order, and not starting anew one until the first is complete.
59
Choice Blindness
not noticing your choice after you make it, you order vanilla and get handed chocolate and don't notice
60
Dual Processing
two different ways of thinking at the same time, multitasking, driving while talking
61
Selective Attention
Focusing on one stimuli while ignoring another
62
Sensory Adaptation
Brain cells becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli, watch
63
Accomodation
modifying cognitive schema to incorporate new information or experiences
64
Webers Law
The just a noticeable difference between the two stimuli
65
Parallel Processing
Processing multiple stimuli, you see a bus coming towards you, and its colour, shape and size.
66
Sensory Interaction
when our 5 senses work together
67
Bottom-up processing
Specific details to general about an object
67
Psychophysics
Sensations and Stimuli
68
Optic Nerve
Carries signals from the eye to the brain
69
Fovea
details and central vision, white part
69
Cornea
Clear outer structure, directs light rays to retina
70
Lens
behind the pupil, focuses light rays
71
Perceptual constancy
perceiving something the same even if a stimulus has changed, snow looks whit even if it sunny or dark out.
71
Perceptual Adaptation
Adjusting to sensory input over time, walking into a strong smelling room, you get used to it after a couple minutes
72
Interposition
Distance of objects can be perceived because one overlaps with another
73
The electrical charge inside a neuron is...
positive
74
The electrical charge outside a neuron is...
negative
75
Corpus Callosum
A bundle of nerve fibres that allow the right and left hemispheres to communicate
76
Sensation is ______ as perception is to ________
gathering; understanding
77
Top-down processing
general to specific
78
Subliminal Perception
information received that you are not consciously aware of
79
What principle did Gestalt emphasize
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
80
Figure ground principle
paying attention to a figure rather than the background
81
Continuity
the ability to continue the same way indefinitely
82
height in plane
objects placed higher are perceived as farther away
83
linear perspective
creating the illusion of depth with lines on paper
84
Generalizability
making predictions based on past perceptions
85
Validity
How well a test actually measure its intent
86
Reliability
getting consistent and stable results
87
Verifiability
the ability to be proved right
88
Reasons replication is an important component of scientific research
- to build upon scientific understanding
- to act as a corrective measure
- to see if other scientists following the same procedure produce a similar outcome
89
Independent Variable
the variable researchers manipulate
90
Dependent Variable
the variable researchers measure
91
Confounding Variable
the unmeasured variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable
92
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary functions: heart rate and breathing
93
Parasympathetic Nervous System
rest & digest
94
Sensory Motor Nervous System
5 senses: touch, taste, smell, see, hear (spinal chord)
95
Sympathetic Nervous System
fight or flight response
96
Limbic System
Consists of the hypothalamus, hippocampus and reticular formation.
process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning
97
Medial Thalamus
cognition, memory and stress regulation
98
PET scan
tissues and organs
99
MRI scan
organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels
100
EEG scan
electrical ensufrogram, sleep waves, electrical activity
101
Difference Threshold
change in stimulus, the minimum level of stimulus a person can detect 50% of the time. It increases with the size of the stimulus. It is the just noticeable difference
102
Absolute Threshold
the smallest amount of stimulus needed for a person to detect it 50% of the time
103
Recognizing an individual steps
Photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic chiasm, visual cortex
104
In a neuron, what is the function of the axon?
Aids in the speed of message transmission and protects the information channel
105
Sensation is...
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energy from our environment
106
Perception is...
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events
107
Retina
coloured part, perceives a visual picture
108
Wavelength
distance between waves
109
Hue
colour
110
Intesity
brightness and dullness of colour
111
Cones vs Rods
cones detect colour, rods detect light
112
optic nerve
comprised of millions of nerve fibers that send visual messages to your brain to help you see. You have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain.
113
Myelin Sheath
goes around nerves, allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells
114
Terminal Buttons
found at end of the axon below the myelin, send signals to other neurons
115
Dendrites
where neurons receive input from other cells
116
Cell body
spherical part of neuron that contains necleus
117
Acetylcholine
memory, learning, attention and involuntary muscle movement (Alzheimers)
118
Dopamine
satisfaction, pleasure and motivation
119
Seretonin
behaviour, mood and memory
120
Norepiephrine
arousal, attention, cognitive function, stress reaction (schizophrenia)
121
Assimilation
adding info to our existing structures of knowledge
122
Crystalized intelligence
remains stable or increases with experience
123
According to Erikson the crisis faced in infancy is.....
trust vs mistrust
