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PSYC 1000 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural Perspective

A

Created by BF Skinner. ex: operant conditioning and positive reinforcement

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2
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Darwin. species change over time and we share common ancestors

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Freud. unconscious psychological process

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4
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Jean Piaget. Stages of development, problem solving and memory

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5
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

how the brain works, memory, learning, making decisions

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6
Q

Social Psychologist

A

how thoughts, feelings, and behaviours affect us in the presence of others

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7
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Diagnosing, Prescribing

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8
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Aging, growing up

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9
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

looking at something after the fact, aftermath

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10
Q

An Empirical Approach

A

numbers, statistics,

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11
Q

A Scientific Attitude

A

Accuracy, calculations, observations and reports

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12
Q

Overconfidence

A

overestimating knowledge and abilities

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13
Q

A Scientific Attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to…..

A

recognize the errors in our own ideas

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14
Q

Critical Thinking

A

questioning things

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15
Q

Experimentation

A

Running experiments

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16
Q

Correlation

A

+= positive correlation
-= negative correlation
1= perfect

0.70 to 1 is moderate to strong anything below is weak

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17
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

observing subjects in natural habitat without them knowing

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18
Q

Replication Experiement

A

Recreating the experiment

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19
Q

The Case Study

A

Descriptive research of a person, group or event

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20
Q

Random Sampling

A

People walking on the street

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20
Q

Correlational Research

A

tests the strength of a relationship between 2 or more variables without researchers manipulating any of them

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21
Q

Simple Random Sample

A

50 girls, 50 boys: pick 10 random boys and 10 random girls

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

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23
Q

Parathyroids

A

hormone that controls the release of calcium

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24
Q

Synapses

A

where neurons connect and communicate with each
other

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25
Q

Neural Networks

A

interconnected units that connect the hemispheres and send signals to one and other

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26
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Organ that makes hormones and releases them into the blood

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27
Q

Axon

A

The neuron located in the center of the cell between soma and axon terminals

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28
Q

Synaptic gap

A

Pathway that neurons send and receive signals from other neurons

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29
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

on the outside of nerves, allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells

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30
Q

Medulla

A

essential, respiratory, cardiovascular, motor and sensory tracts, the connection between brainstem and spinal cord

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31
Q

Ceerebellum

A

movement, motor activity and balance

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32
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotions, fear, memory, social cognition

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33
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory and learning

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

temp regulation, thirst, hunger, hormone control, mood

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35
Q

Thalamus

A

relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex, attention and info processing

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36
Q

Occipital

A

processing eye info, vision, balance, distance and depth perception, colour determination, object and face recognition

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37
Q

Parietal

A

sensory (5 senses) vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, sight, touch, and smell, speech

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38
Q

Temporal

A

managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, hearing, and understanding language.

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39
Q

Frontal

A

thinking, impulses, voluntary movement, expressive language, deep thought

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40
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

more likely to inherit certain genes, illnesses or behaviours

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41
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Genetic behaviours vs learned behaviour

Nature: personality traits

Nurture: religious beliefs,
political attitude, moral values

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42
Q

Norms

A

Shared standard of acceptability

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43
Q

Object permanence

A

devolopes in the sensorimotor stage (0-2). a child knows an object is still around even if they can not see or feel it.

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44
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

crying when an unfamiliar person approaches, distinguishing familiar with unfamiliar

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45
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, mental states, knowledge, intentions and beliefs

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46
Q

Egocentrism

A

develops in the preoperational stage (2-6). A child’s thinking is self-centered.

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47
Q

Capacity for abstract reasoning

A

developed in the formal operational stage (11-16). Identify patterns and think conceptually

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48
Q

Concept of Conservation

A

deveoples in the concrete operational stage (7-11). The amount of liquid doesn’t change depending on the glass it was put in.

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49
Q

Insecure Attachment Theory

A

lack of trust and a lack of a secure base.

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50
Q

Postconventional Mortality

A

ethical reasoning, making decisions based on rights, values and duties, NOT ADHERING TO SOCIETY

51
Q

Role Confusion

A

changing beliefs, external appearance, figuring out who they are.

52
Q

Conventional Mortality

A

Accepting society’s views of right and wrong, social norms, Adhering to societies expectations

53
Q

Preconventional Mortality

A

childhood-not yet adopted the moral principles of society, Adhering to self-interest only

54
Q

Formal Conventional Mortality

A

Social rules, laws,

55
Q

Hypnagogic Sensations

A

brief hallucinations that take place while falling asleep. stage 1 of sleep

56
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

internal clock, sleep, body temp, hormones

57
Q

REM rebound

A

catching up on lost REM sleep the next night

58
Q

Sequential Processing

A

Executing tasks in specific order, and not starting anew one until the first is complete.

59
Q

Choice Blindness

A

not noticing your choice after you make it, you order vanilla and get handed chocolate and don’t notice

60
Q

Dual Processing

A

two different ways of thinking at the same time, multitasking, driving while talking

61
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on one stimuli while ignoring another

62
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Brain cells becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli, watch

63
Q

Accomodation

A

modifying cognitive schema to incorporate new information or experiences

64
Q

Webers Law

A

The just a noticeable difference between the two stimuli

65
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing multiple stimuli, you see a bus coming towards you, and its colour, shape and size.

66
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

when our 5 senses work together

67
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Specific details to general about an object

67
Q

Psychophysics

A

Sensations and Stimuli

68
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries signals from the eye to the brain

69
Q

Fovea

A

details and central vision, white part

69
Q

Cornea

A

Clear outer structure, directs light rays to retina

70
Q

Lens

A

behind the pupil, focuses light rays

71
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

perceiving something the same even if a stimulus has changed, snow looks whit even if it sunny or dark out.

71
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

Adjusting to sensory input over time, walking into a strong smelling room, you get used to it after a couple minutes

72
Q

Interposition

A

Distance of objects can be perceived because one overlaps with another

73
Q

The electrical charge inside a neuron is…

A

positive

74
Q

The electrical charge outside a neuron is…

A

negative

75
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A bundle of nerve fibres that allow the right and left hemispheres to communicate

76
Q

Sensation is ______ as perception is to ________

A

gathering; understanding

77
Q

Top-down processing

A

general to specific

78
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

information received that you are not consciously aware of

79
Q

What principle did Gestalt emphasize

A

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

80
Q

Figure ground principle

A

paying attention to a figure rather than the background

81
Q

Continuity

A

the ability to continue the same way indefinitely

82
Q

height in plane

A

objects placed higher are perceived as farther away

83
Q

linear perspective

A

creating the illusion of depth with lines on paper

84
Q

Generalizability

A

making predictions based on past perceptions

85
Q

Validity

A

How well a test actually measure its intent

86
Q

Reliability

A

getting consistent and stable results

87
Q

Verifiability

A

the ability to be proved right

88
Q

Reasons replication is an important component of scientific research

A
  • to build upon scientific understanding
  • to act as a corrective measure
  • to see if other scientists following the same procedure produce a similar outcome
89
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable researchers manipulate

90
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable researchers measure

91
Q

Confounding Variable

A

the unmeasured variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

92
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary functions: heart rate and breathing

93
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

rest & digest

94
Q

Sensory Motor Nervous System

A

5 senses: touch, taste, smell, see, hear (spinal chord)

95
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

fight or flight response

96
Q

Limbic System

A

Consists of the hypothalamus, hippocampus and reticular formation.
process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning

97
Q

Medial Thalamus

A

cognition, memory and stress regulation

98
Q

PET scan

A

tissues and organs

99
Q

MRI scan

A

organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels

100
Q

EEG scan

A

electrical ensufrogram, sleep waves, electrical activity

101
Q

Difference Threshold

A

change in stimulus, the minimum level of stimulus a person can detect 50% of the time. It increases with the size of the stimulus. It is the just noticeable difference

102
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulus needed for a person to detect it 50% of the time

103
Q

Recognizing an individual steps

A

Photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic chiasm, visual cortex

104
Q

In a neuron, what is the function of the axon?

A

Aids in the speed of message transmission and protects the information channel

105
Q

Sensation is…

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energy from our environment

106
Q

Perception is…

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events

107
Q

Retina

A

coloured part, perceives a visual picture

108
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between waves

109
Q

Hue

A

colour

110
Q

Intesity

A

brightness and dullness of colour

111
Q

Cones vs Rods

A

cones detect colour, rods detect light

112
Q

optic nerve

A

comprised of millions of nerve fibers that send visual messages to your brain to help you see. You have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain.

113
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

goes around nerves, allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells

114
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

found at end of the axon below the myelin, send signals to other neurons

115
Q

Dendrites

A

where neurons receive input from other cells

116
Q

Cell body

A

spherical part of neuron that contains necleus

117
Q

Acetylcholine

A

memory, learning, attention and involuntary muscle movement (Alzheimers)

118
Q

Dopamine

A

satisfaction, pleasure and motivation

119
Q

Seretonin

A

behaviour, mood and memory

120
Q

Norepiephrine

A

arousal, attention, cognitive function, stress reaction (schizophrenia)

121
Q

Assimilation

A

adding info to our existing structures of knowledge

122
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

remains stable or increases with experience

123
Q

According to Erikson the crisis faced in infancy is…..

A

trust vs mistrust

PSYC 1000 (2 decks)

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