Midterm Flashcards
help me
Emancipation
Who: Abraham Lincoln and enslaved people
What: Freeing of slaves
When: 1860-1865
Where: South
Significance: Slavery became outlawed, allowing African Americans to no longer be considered property. They got their first step to actual freedom.
Reconstruction
Who: Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Radical Republicans
What: Black people gaining rights in the South, including the end of slavery
When: 1863-1877
Where: south
Significance: Black people were able to gain recognition as human beings, allowing their policial and social views to hold weight. Especially after the 15th amendment in 1870, which gave black men the right to vote. Black men became politically equal to white men (even though it definitely didn’t last)
Compromise of 1877
Who: R. B. Hayes and S. Tilden
What: Hayes gets to become president if he ends military occupation in the South
When: 1877
Where: South
Significance: Reestablishment of white supremacy in south
Second Industrial Revolution
Who: Andrew Carnegie and other elite business men, workers
What: Rapid economic and industrial growth
When: late 19th and early 20th centuries
Where: Throughout US, but a lot in the north
Significance: standardized time (1883), made travel more accessible to people and safer; severe economic inequality
Ku Klux Klan
Who: white men; protestant women joined in the second rising of the KKK
What: Group of white men that terrorized black people; group of white people that terrorized all non-protestants, including black people (regardless of religion), Jews, and Catholics
When: Est. 1865 through Reconstruction; 1915 through 1920s
Where: south; throughout the south, mid-west, west
Significance: They were able to influence racist and nativist policies, and also downgrade people’s opinions about people they hate
Andrew Carnegie
Who: Andrew Carnegie
What: Industrial reformer who specialized in steel
When: 1835-1919, especially late 19th century
Where: North
Significance: Started and spread vertical integration, spread justification of his wealth
“The Gospel of Wealth”
Who: Andrew Carnegie
What: A book about how wealth inequality is good because it allows them to spread their wealth and enjoy the arts
When: 1889
Where: North
Significance: Used to justify severe wealth inequality; helped legitimize it
Henry George
Who: Henry George
What: Social reformer/political economist
When: 1839-1897, especially late 19th century
Where: North
Significance: Spread how severe wealth inequality disempowered people’s freedom and democracy; in other words, tied severe wealth inequality to inequality of treatment and rights for poor people compared to rich people
Gilded Age
Who: Rich elites, workers, named by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner
What: A time where the rich got richer, more development made, but poor people suffered more; growing gap between rich and poor
When: late 19th century; 1880s and 1890s
Where: US
Significance: growth of labor unions, Populism, and Progressivism
Nativism
Who: Whtie Anglo-Saxon Protestants
What: Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens (esp. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) over immigrants
When: late 19th century
Where: US
Significance: Negatviely impacted immigrants chances of employment, overall living quality, and denied rights
Chinese Exclusion Act
Who: Spread from people in California, including politicians; NATIVISTS
What: Excluded immigrants from China, they couldn’t immigrate
When: 1882
Where: US
Significance: First time an entire race was banned from immigrating, showed white Americans’ deep ties to nativism and racism
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Who: workers and Pres. R. B. Hayes
What: Workers went on strike because of a 10% pay cut and refused to let trains pass through. Staaet troops were called in, didn’t work because they knew the people and were sympathetic. 2/3 of railroads across the country shut down. Hayes sent in federal troops to suppress them.
When: July 1877
Where: Started in Martinsburg West Virginia, spread across the country, ended in Pittsburg Pennsylvania
Significance: Shift from using Federal troops protecting most vulnerable citizens to the most powerful citizens
“The West”
Who: Natives, immigrants, cowboys, white people, black people, very diverse
What: Uncolonized land (even though Natives were there), a place to start over
When: 1870s
Where: West of the Mississippi
Significance: Gave hope for a better life for everyone except Natives; gave Americans a greater freedom of movement; an escape
Exodusters
Who: Benjamin “Pap” Singleton and African Americans
What: A group of African Americans immigrating to mainly Kansas to escape Jim Crow and racial inequaity
When: 1889
Where: from the South to the “West,” mainly Kansas
Significance: Showed how the West help promise for all of Americans, and how horrific life under Jim Crow was for African Americans
Reservations
Who: Native Americans
What: Native Americans got put on different land and had to give up their culture and way of life
When: 1890s
Where: Throughout the US; some got put on land in the midwest, far from their native land
Significance: Natives were now under direct control and supervision of the government; could not be independent; forced to be “civilized” Americans, no longer free
Jim Crow
Who: Southern Democrats
What: a set of laws and customs that put white people on top and black people on bottom
When: 1870s
Where: Throughout US, more in South
Significance: Black people’s freedoms were once again restricted, they became second class citizens, not able to be fully American
Plessy v. Ferguson
Who: Homer Plessy, John Ferguson
What: Tested constitutionality of segregation using the 13th and 14th amendments
When: 1896
Where: Sumpreme Court
Significance: Established “separate but equal” doctrine; Expanded Jim Crow
Booker T. Washington
Who: Booker T. Washington
What: A former slave and a moderate black rights activist
When: 1881
Where: Tuskegee
Significance: Spread racial accommodation (keeping black and white people separate), validated white people not wanting to integrate; spread industrial education
W.E.B. DuBois
Who: W.E.B. DuBois
What: A black rights activist
When: 1903
Where: north
Significance: Challenges Washington’s “attitude of submission”, wants talented 10th
Spanish-American War
Who: William McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt
What: Went to war against Spain because American investments in Cuba were being ruined by Spain, and a humanitarian crisis; revenge; masculinity;
When: 1898
Where: Spanish colonies including Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico
Significance: Birth of American imperialism
“White Man’s Burden”
Who: Rudyard Kipling
What: Poem popularizing idea of WMB. The belief that it is white men’s responsibility to civilize other people
When: 1899
Where: US and Great Britain
Significance: Justified imperialism
Progressivism
Who: Teddy Roosevelt
What: advance the common good; Aimed to combat various problems related to industrialization, immigration, and urbanization
When: late 19th century to end of World War I (1918)
Where: throughout the US
Significance: expanded the government; helped protect the masses through the government, instead of only the elites
Muckraking
Who: Ida Tarbell
What: investigative journalism that tried to expose the various problems
When: early 20th century/1902
Where: Throughout US; mainly in industrial areas
Significance: Held companies responsible for their actions, made companies face consequences for their actions; Also, made the government have to uphold laws to keep big businesses accountable
18th Amendment
Who: Carrie Nation and Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
What: Prohibition
When: 1919
Where: US
Significance: Caused liquor to become controlled by criminal organizations; also put religious views into law, causing a cross between church and state
World War I
Who: Franz Ferdinand, Woodrow Wilson, Allied powers (Britain, France, Russia), Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire), Serbian nationals
What: Franz Ferdinand was assassinated; due to military alliances, in brought in many countries, huge war
When: 1914-1918
Where: Europe
Significance: Most deadly war, league of nation’s creation (1919), lack of freedom of speech for Americans, end of Progessivism
Robert LaFollette
Who: Robert LaFollette
What:
When:
Where: Wisconsin
Significance:
Outlook
Who:
What:
When:
Where:
Significance:
NAWSA
Who: Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw
What: A women’s rights organization
When: Est. 1890
Where: US
Significance: Through civility, helped achieve the 19th amendment
National Woman’s Party
Who: Alice Paul
What: A women’s rights organization
When: 1916
Where: US, protested on capital
Significance: Through militant tactics, they were able to help achieve the 19th Amendment.
19th Amendment
Who: Alice Paul, Carrie Catt, and Anna Shaw
What: Gave women the right to vote
When: 1920
Where: US
Significance: Women became able to . Women’s freedom extended, showing people’s expanding definition of freedom and what is exceptable.
Return to Normalcy
Who: Warren Harding
What: Smaller government, peace and balance
When: 1920
Where: US
Significance: Shows American rejection of Progressivism
Scientific Taxation
Who: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover
What: Cutting taxes for everyone, esp. the 1%
When: 1920s
Where: US
Significance: Showed how the elites benefitted the most from the government; gov was focused on pleasing them instead of the majority of people
Flappers
Who: women
What: Women that smoked, had sex, drank, and danced
When: 1920s
Where: Across the US
Significance: Pushed against the boundaries of feminity and what women were expected to be. Gave them a bigger place in social society (before they got married)
The “New Negro”
Who: Alain Locke (significantly popularized the term), Marcus Garvey (embodies term)
What: Pride in Blackness/African ancestry; New assertiveness, Not willing to accept discrimination
When: 1920s
Where: Harlem (part of Harlem Renaissance), but spread throughout the US
Significance: Blackness was no longer of sense of shame for black people; helped give a sense of identity to black people; would not back down, pushed for their rights through not blindly accepting the fate and identity white people put on them
Immigration Act of 1924
Who: Protestants, Calvin Coolidge
What: Limit the amount of immigrants coming from any country to roughly what it had been in 1890
When: 1924
Where: US
Significance: Showed the influence of Nativism and Protestant religious superiority
Great Depression
Who: Herbert Hoover, and FDR
What: Economic recession which left 25% of people without jobs
When: 1929-1941 (When US joins WWII)
Where: The entire US
Significance: Changed people’s view of how involved the government should be in the economy.
Herbert Hoover
Who: Herbert Hoover
What: President of the US
When: 1929-1933
Where: US
Significance: got blamed for the Great Depression; did the most government intervention since the gov began; pushed for associative action, getting the gov involved in organizing local food efforts
New Deal
Who: Franklin D. Roosevelt
What: Set of laws and policies to help with the Great Depression
When: 1933-1938
Where: US
Significance: Significantly expanded the scope of the federal government, started the use of deficit spending
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Who: Franklin Delano Roosevelt
What: President of the US, creator and implementor of the New Deal
When: 1933-1945
Where: US
Significance: Greatly expanded the scope of federal government; Black people changed their majority voting party to Democrat
Huey Long
Who: Huey Long
What: Senator that pushed for Share Our Wealth- taxing t he rich
When: 1934
Where: Lousiana
Significance: showed the discontent of wealth inequality and FDR (not doing enough)
Social Security Act of 1935
Who: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Francis Townsend (inspired by)
What: people who qualify get aid: old age pensions, unemployment, disability, aid to dependent women and children
When: 1935
Where: US
Significance: put most vulnerable populations under the protection of the gov through aid
New Deal Coalition
Who: Made up of Dem. allies and new groups; Black people; Southern whites; Organized labor people
What: Different groups with different interests come together to support New Deal
When: 1935
Where: Across the US
Significance: Become an important part of Dem party; Black people shifted to voting for who they actually support instead of Lincoln’s party
