Midterm Flashcards
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Emancipation
Who: Abraham Lincoln and enslaved people
What: Freeing of slaves
When: 1860-1865
Where: South
Significance: Slavery became outlawed, allowing African Americans to no longer be considered property. They got their first step to actual freedom.
Reconstruction
Who: Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Radical Republicans
What: Black people gaining rights in the South, including the end of slavery
When: 1863-1877
Where: south
Significance: Black people were able to gain recognition as human beings, allowing their policial and social views to hold weight. Especially after the 15th amendment in 1870, which gave black men the right to vote. Black men became politically equal to white men (even though it definitely didn’t last)
Compromise of 1877
Who: R. B. Hayes and S. Tilden
What: Hayes gets to become president if he ends military occupation in the South
When: 1877
Where: South
Significance: Reestablishment of white supremacy in south
Second Industrial Revolution
Who: Andrew Carnegie and other elite business men, workers
What: Rapid economic and industrial growth
When: late 19th and early 20th centuries
Where: Throughout US, but a lot in the north
Significance: standardized time (1883), made travel more accessible to people and safer; severe economic inequality
Ku Klux Klan
Who: white men; protestant women joined in the second rising of the KKK
What: Group of white men that terrorized black people; group of white people that terrorized all non-protestants, including black people (regardless of religion), Jews, and Catholics
When: Est. 1865 through Reconstruction; 1915 through 1920s
Where: south; throughout the south, mid-west, west
Significance: They were able to influence racist and nativist policies, and also downgrade people’s opinions about people they hate
Andrew Carnegie
Who: Andrew Carnegie
What: Industrial reformer who specialized in steel
When: 1835-1919, especially late 19th century
Where: North
Significance: Started and spread vertical integration, spread justification of his wealth
“The Gospel of Wealth”
Who: Andrew Carnegie
What: A book about how wealth inequality is good because it allows them to spread their wealth and enjoy the arts
When: 1889
Where: North
Significance: Used to justify severe wealth inequality; helped legitimize it
Henry George
Who: Henry George
What: Social reformer/political economist
When: 1839-1897, especially late 19th century
Where: North
Significance: Spread how severe wealth inequality disempowered people’s freedom and democracy; in other words, tied severe wealth inequality to inequality of treatment and rights for poor people compared to rich people
Gilded Age
Who: Rich elites, workers, named by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner
What: A time where the rich got richer, more development made, but poor people suffered more; growing gap between rich and poor
When: late 19th century; 1880s and 1890s
Where: US
Significance: growth of labor unions, Populism, and Progressivism
Nativism
Who: Whtie Anglo-Saxon Protestants
What: Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens (esp. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) over immigrants
When: late 19th century
Where: US
Significance: Negatviely impacted immigrants chances of employment, overall living quality, and denied rights
Chinese Exclusion Act
Who: Spread from people in California, including politicians; NATIVISTS
What: Excluded immigrants from China, they couldn’t immigrate
When: 1882
Where: US
Significance: First time an entire race was banned from immigrating, showed white Americans’ deep ties to nativism and racism
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Who: workers and Pres. R. B. Hayes
What: Workers went on strike because of a 10% pay cut and refused to let trains pass through. Staaet troops were called in, didn’t work because they knew the people and were sympathetic. 2/3 of railroads across the country shut down. Hayes sent in federal troops to suppress them.
When: July 1877
Where: Started in Martinsburg West Virginia, spread across the country, ended in Pittsburg Pennsylvania
Significance: Shift from using Federal troops protecting most vulnerable citizens to the most powerful citizens
“The West”
Who: Natives, immigrants, cowboys, white people, black people, very diverse
What: Uncolonized land (even though Natives were there), a place to start over
When: 1870s
Where: West of the Mississippi
Significance: Gave hope for a better life for everyone except Natives; gave Americans a greater freedom of movement; an escape
Exodusters
Who: Benjamin “Pap” Singleton and African Americans
What: A group of African Americans immigrating to mainly Kansas to escape Jim Crow and racial inequaity
When: 1889
Where: from the South to the “West,” mainly Kansas
Significance: Showed how the West help promise for all of Americans, and how horrific life under Jim Crow was for African Americans
Reservations
Who: Native Americans
What: Native Americans got put on different land and had to give up their culture and way of life
When: 1890s
Where: Throughout the US; some got put on land in the midwest, far from their native land
Significance: Natives were now under direct control and supervision of the government; could not be independent; forced to be “civilized” Americans, no longer free
Jim Crow
Who: Southern Democrats
What: a set of laws and customs that put white people on top and black people on bottom
When: 1870s
Where: Throughout US, more in South
Significance: Black people’s freedoms were once again restricted, they became second class citizens, not able to be fully American
