HIST 122 Final Flashcards
“Why We Fight”
Who: Frank Capra
What: Comes from a series of government propaganda films made by the government to explain why we are in WWII
When: early 1940s
Where: US
Significance: Portrayed that Axis victory would be horrifying; split the world into good and evil
The Atomic Bomb
Who: Harry S. Truman
What: The Manhattan Project; a bomb
When: b. 1939-1945
Where: United States and Japan
Significance: Ushers in atomic age, kills millions
Rosie the Riveter
Who: Rosie the Riveter
What: Character from a 1942 song
When: 1942-1945
Where: US
Significance: Captures the paradoxes women faced during the war; muscular with makeup
A. Philip Randolph
Who: A. Philip Randolph
What: African American labor leader who threatened to march on Washington due to discrimination
When: 1941
Where: DC and America
Significance: FDR issues EO 8802
Executive Order 8802
Who: Franklin D Roosevelt
What: Banned discrimination in the defense industry; Doesn’t apply to the military
When: 1941
Where: United States; D.C.
Significance: Created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)
—-Seen as a major turning point
—-Investigated fair employment practices
—–Committee inspires political outreach
———Growth of NAACP
Korematsu v US
Who: Fred Korematsu
What: Argued that internment (of an American citizen) was unconstitutional; lost in Supreme Court
When: 1944
Where: US Supreme Court
Significance: Need to protect against espionage more important than constitutional rights
Cold War
Who: US, Russia, and allies
What: Rivalry between US and the USSR (and their respective allies)
When: 1947-1991
Where: Throughout the world, including the US and Russia
Significance: Divided the world into two spheres of influence, caused US involvement in multiple proxy wars
PS: “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”
Who: George Kennan
What: created the policy of containment
When: 1947
Where: in Foreign Affairs magazine, eventually spread everywhere
Significance: Basis of US foreign policy during the Cold War
Containment
Who: George Kennan
What: Policy of trying to stop the spread of communism and USSR influence
When: 1946
Where: Throughout the world
Significance: Basis of US foreign policy throughout the Cold War
Truman Doctrine
Who: Harry Truman
What: Divdes the world into democratic and communist; USA could and should provide support to countries fighting against communism
When: 1947
Where: US
Significance: Allows US to send assistance of 400 million dollars to Greece and Turkey regimes; allows the US the right to intervene in foreign affairs
NSC-68
Who: National Security Agency
What: Making a case to protect national security through defense spending
When: 1950
Where: US
Significance: Caused US defense spending to skyrocket
Korean War
Who: US, North Korea, South Korea, USSR
What: War between North Korea and South Korea; North invades South
When: 1950-1953
Where: Korean penninsula
Significance: Bolstered ideas behind NSC-68
Second Red Scare
Who: Joe McCarthy, Harry Truman
What: People were accused of being communist and had to either point out other names or have their careers and ultimately their lives ruined
When: 1947-1954
Where: US
Significance: Caused a wave of paranoia; the fear of communists became more intense
Atomic Age
Who: Dwight Eisenhower, Joseph Stalin
What: After the USSR successfully got nukes, the US feared nuclear war. The US increased defense spending
When: 1947-1991
Where: US, USSR
Significance: the beginning of the Cold War; fear of atomic weapons being used
“Modern Republicanism”
Who: Dwight Eisenhower
What: Classic small governemnt republican; Critized “big government”
BUT distanced party from Hoover; And did not dismantle most New Deal social welfare programs (actually expanded some like (social security))
When: 1953-1961
Where: US
Significance: the public began to trust Republicans in the Presidency again since they didn’t after the Great Depression; helped disprove the conception Republicans will eliminate New Deal programs
Civil Defense
Who: Dwight Eisenhower
What: Efforts to prepare the public for attack
When: mid 1950s through the Cold War
Where: US
Significance: Increased the paranoia surrounding communists and atomic bombs being used.
Cultural Differentiation
Who: Dwight D. Eisenhower
What: How the US sought to distinguish itself from the USSR in culture
When: mid 1950s to the end of the cold war
Where: US
Significance: Shows how the US wants to not be able to be similar to the USSR in any way. Through this, US is able to hold a superiority complex because they think their culture is better. US culture became more religious
Cold War Domesticity
Who: Dwight D. Eisenhower
What: Ideal model of family life
Women were supposed to be housewives
When: mid 1950s to the end of the cold war
Where: US
Significance: Pushed gender stereotypes of how women are supposed to be regardless of how women have been gradually joining the workforce for years. Also, women are supposed to stay home and take care of the kids.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Who: Oliver Brown
What: “Separate but Equal” not constitutional in education
When: 1954
Where: US Supreme Court
Significance: Deprives segregation of its moral legitimacy; Bolsters the growing movement for civil rights; bolsters massive resistance
Massive Resistance
Who: white people, including men and women
What: Efforts to prevent desegregation
When: 1950s-1960s
Where: the South
Significance: Showed how little the culture has changed in the south in regards to racism. Showed how people still viewed black people as less than and not equal to white people
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Who: Rosa Parks, E.D. Nixon, Jo Ann Robinson and the Women’s Political Council
What: a boycott of the Montgomery the bus system
When: 1955-1956
Where: Montgomery, Alabama
Significance: Showed how much influence black people have on the economy, how non-violent protests work, got rid of bus segregation in Montgomery, and how black people need to take charge of getting rid of segregation
PS: “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
Who: Martin Luther King Jr.
What: A letter about the dangers of the white moderate and explaining the core ideas of the civil rights movement
When: 1963
Where: Birmingham Jail, spread across the US
Significance: Brought widespread attention to civil rights movement; Increased support for civil rights; JFK shifted to focusing on civil rights
PS: “Ballot or the Bullet”
Who: Malcolm X
What: a speech og fullest declaration of his black nationalist philosophy
When: 1964
Where: Detriot, MI
Significance: Form the basis of the black power movement
Civil Rights Act
Who: Lyndon B. Johnson
What: Banned discrimination in employment for a lot
Banned discrimination in public (places that the public frequented) accommodations
—-DID NOT include voting protection
When: 1964
Where: US
Significance: Made segregation in public places illegal and expanded the amount of jobs black people could have
Voting Rights Act
Who: Lyndon B. Johnson
What: Outlawed discriminatory voting practices
When: 1965
Where: US
Significance: Empowered federal examiners to safeguard the voting process; A quarter of a million of new black voters got registered in 1965 – especially in the deep south
PS: Draft Dodger Rag
Who: Phil Ochs
What: Song about getting drafted
When: 1965
Where: US
Significance: highlighted the confusion of Americans.
—–Confusion about why the US was fighting in a small Southeast Asian country
—–Confusion about where Vietnam was
—–Confusion about how to win the war
—–Confusion about how to best protest
—–Confusion about who our enemy was
Vietnam War
Who: Ho Chi Minh, Viet Cong, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon
What: Civil war in Vietnam, with the north being communist
When: 1965-1975 when US troops landed and
Where: Vietnam
Significance: LBJ doesn’t run for president, Distrust of government, fear of getting involved in far away wars
Gulf of Tonkin Revolution
Who: Lyndon Johnson
What: gave the president authority to take all necessary measures to repel armed attack in Vietnam
When: 1964
Where: US
Significance: led to the US sending troops to Vietnam
Vietnamization
Who: Richard Nixon
What: Remove ground forces, Turn over greater responsibility to South Vietnamese army
When: 1973
Where: Vietnam
Significance: Got US out of Vietnam, allowed the Vietnam war the ability to end
Rights Revolution
Who: Minority groups and white and male supporters; black people, latinos, women, gay people
What: The expansion of civil rights and liberties for various “minority” groups
When: 1960s and early 1970s
Where: US
Significance: Minority citizens gained more rights, making them more equal to white people. Changed the culture to accepting more citizens of minorities as Americans; made laws more equal
Modern Liberalism
Who: Franklin D. Roosevelt
What: Embrace the notion and come to expect an active government
When: 1930s-1970s
Where: US
Significance: Led the FDR passing the Second New Deal, civil rights originally embraced modern liberalism to get more rights
Black Power
Who: Black Panthers, SNCC
What: Rejection of non-violence, Racial pride and self-determination, Increased militancy
When: 1960s - 1966 in particular
Where: US
Significance: White advocates left the movement, showed black resistance through fighting against attacks through their militancy
Women’s Rights
Who: Betty Friedan/NOW
What: Liberal feminism that wanted legal reform
When: 1960s-1980s
Where: US
Significance: Showed trust in the government to take effective measures; helped to expand women’s legal rights
PS: NOW Statement of Purpose
Who: National Organization for Women
What: A statement of purpose that highlights how women are still oppressed in society and employment. They want the government to get more involved.
When: 1966
Where: US
Significance: Embracing modern liberalism; showed greater faith in government for provide relief in sex based discrimination
Women’s Liberation
Who: 20s and 30s, Young; Students, New Left, CRM (civil rights movement)
What: Change cultural practices/stereotypes and Radical feminism
When: 1960s-1980s
Where: US
Significance: Basis of “No More Miss America”; broadened the scope of the women’s rights movement, more extreme
PS: “No More Miss America”
Who: New York Radical Women
What: a protest where women threw objects of their oppression into a garbage can. The objects include bras, false eyelashes, and hair curlers
When: 1968
Where: New York
Significance: Example of women’s liberation; Rejection of modern liberalism
The Me Decade
Who: American citizens, the Silent Majority,
What: Decade is focused on the individual self
When: 1970s
Where: US
Significance: the public has abandoned protests and social causes; the majority don’t care; heightened individualism
Watergate
Who: Richard Nixon and his campaign/administration
What: 5 men broke into democratic headquarters, connected to Nixon’s campaign/administration
When: 1972-1974
Where: Watergate hotel
Significance: Nixon gets impeached, increases distrust of government and policians, people felt betrayed
Détente
Who: Richard Nixon
What: General easing/thawing of the Cold War
When: 1972
Where: US, China, USSR
Significance: Created the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) that Froze making each country intercontinental missiles; international relations eased
Energy Crisis
Who: Jimmy Carter, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
What: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries slowed production
When: 1979
Where: the world, US
Significance: Created a gas shortage; people became less content with Carter
Iran Hostage Crisis
Who: Jimmy Carter, Iranian students
What: 52 Americans in the embassy got taken hostage for 444 days
When: 1979-1981
Where: Iran
Significance: showed how little most Americans knew about America’s involvement in foreign affairs; heightened distrust of the government
PS: “Born in the U.S.A.”
Who: Bruce Springsteen
What: A song about the Vietnam war
When: 1984
Where: US
Significance: The lyrics are not celebratory, but a lot of people misconstrue the meaning;
Life of crime or unemployment for vets after Vietnam; how Vets and people were betrayed by America
Modern Conservatism
Who: William F. Buckley, Richard Nixon
What: Rejection of liberalism, Staunch anti-communism, Embrace of Judeo-Christian values and morality
When: 1970s-1980s
Where: US
Significance: basis of Nixon’s campaign, led the US to the rejection of the social movements and the radical left
New Right
Who:
What:
When:
Where:
Significance:
William F. Buckley
Who: William F. Buckley
What: he created the National Review, which spread around the his ideals of conservatism: Rejection of liberalism, Staunch anti-communism, Embrace of Judeo-Christian values and morality
When: 1955
Where: the National Review –> an editorial magazine; US
Significance: Major role in spreading and popularizing Conservatism; Fuels a conservative movement; Lay the ground work for modern conservative president candidates
Anti-Feminism
Who: Phyllis Schlafly
What: Efforts to stop/reverse the movement for women’s rights
When: 1970s to 1982
Where: US
Significance: Stopped the Equal Rights Amendment from getting ratified; showed how some women liked the “privileges” gotten from sexism and the patriarchy
PS: “Evil Empire” speech
Who: Ronald Reagan
What: a speech about the rejection of women’s rights, harder stance of communism, and praying in schools
When: 1983
Where: Florida with an audience of National Association of Evangelicals
Significance: Blueprint of the Reagan Revolution
Reagan Revolution
Who: Ronald Reagan
What: Huge increase in defense spending; Cut welfare programs, medical services, medical research, govt. regulation of business, protection of the environment;
Supply-side economics /”Reaganomics”
—–Tax cuts were good
When: 1981-1989
Where: US
Significance: Tripled US dept, Increased gap between rich and poor, economy boomed
Mikhail Gorbachev
Who: Mikhail Gorbachev
What: President of USSR
When: 1985
Where: Russia
Significance: Implemented Gorbachev and Perestroika; Softening Reagan’s stance on the USSR; contributor to the fall of USSR due to allowing dissent
New World Order
Who: George H.W. Bush
What: The restrucuturing of global power now that the USSR fell
When: 1991, late 1980s to early 1990s
Where: the World, west and east
Significance: the USSR fell, communism no longer an immediate and scary threat, the US became the main global power
Operation Desert Storm
Who: George H.W. Bush, Saddam Hussein
What: US and UN coalition drives Iraqis out of Kuwait
When: 1991
Where: Kuwait
Significance: Growing resentment re: US military presence and imperialism; US establishing its place in “New World Order”
Americans with Disabilities Act
Who: George H.W. Bush
What: Prohibits discrimination based on ability, includes most employment and public facilities, Requires “reasonable accommodations”
When: 1990
Where: US
Significance: Allowed for civil rights to expand for disabled people; disabled people’s rights expanded
New Democrat
Who: Bill Clinton
What: Steer course b/t Reagan conservatism and New Deal/Great Society liberalism
When: 1992-2000
Where: US
Significance: Clinton moved more right/republican
Globalization
Who:
What:
When:
Where:
Significance:
9/11
Who: Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
What: Al Quaeda hijacked planes and flew them into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon
When: 2001
Where: New York, Pentagon
Significance: Reason for Bush making the Bush Doctrine which gave the US the right of preemptive war; the catalyst for the Invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq
