Midterm Flashcards

Question

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 1

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years) Develops a sense of contributing to the next generation

Answer 2

Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years) Develops a sense of acceptance and meaning in life

Answer 3

Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): The fertilized egg (zygote) divides and travels to the uterus. Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks): The embryo develops major organs and body structures. Fetal Stage (8 weeks to birth): The fetus grows and matures, preparing for birth.

Answer 4

Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): The fertilized egg (zygote) divides and travels to the uterus.

Answer 5

Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks): The embryo develops major organs and body structures.

Answer 6

Fetal Stage (8 weeks to birth): The fetus grows and matures, preparing for birth.

Answer 7

Prenatal Testing: Amniocentesis: Tests for genetic disorders by taking a sample of amniotic fluid. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Tests for genetic disorders by taking a sample of placental tissue. Blood Tests (Alpha-Fetoprotein): Screens for neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities. Ultrasound: Provides images to detect physical abnormalities.

Answer 8

Amniocentesis: Tests for genetic disorders by taking a sample of amniotic fluid.

Answer 9

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Tests for genetic disorders by taking a sample of placental tissue.

Answer 10

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Tests for genetic disorders by taking a sample of placental tissue.

Answer 11

Blood Tests (Alpha-Fetoprotein): Screens for neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 12

Ultrasound: Provides images to detect physical abnormalities.

Answer 13

Teratogens and Effects on the Fetus: Teratogens are environmental factors that can cause developmental abnormalities. Examples include alcohol, drugs, radiation, infections, and certain medications. Effects can include physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral issues. The timing and duration of exposure are key factors in determining the severity of the impact.

Answer 14

When the baby's head emerges, any obstructions are cleared from the passageway for breathing, and mucus is suctioned from the baby's mouth using a bulb suction. Once the baby is breathing adequately, the umbilical cord is cut, and the baby is assessed (e.g., footprint, ID bracelet, Vitamin K injection). It's important to ensure the placenta has delivered completely to prevent excessive bleeding.

Answer 15

Newborn Reflexes: Rooting Reflex: Baby turns head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. Moro Reflex (Startle Response): Baby's back arches and legs/arms fling out then back toward the chest in a hugging motion. Grasping Reflex (Palmar): Baby reflexively grasps fingers or objects pressed against their palms, using four fingers (no thumbs). Babinski Reflex: When the underside of the foot is stroked, the toes fan or spread out, disappearing by the end of the first year. Stepping Reflex: Baby mimics walking movements when held with feet touching a solid surface, disappearing by 3-4 months.

Answer 16

Rooting Reflex: Baby turns head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth.

Answer 17

Moro Reflex (Startle Response): Baby's back arches and legs/arms fling out then back toward the chest in a hugging motion.

Answer 18

Grasping Reflex (Palmar): Baby reflexively grasps fingers or objects pressed against their palms, using four fingers (no thumbs).

Answer 19

Babinski Reflex: When the underside of the foot is stroked, the toes fan or spread out, disappearing by the end of the first year.

Answer 20

Heredity refers to the transmission of biological processes or genes from one generation to the next. Genetics is the field of biology that studies heredity and how it affects physical and psychological traits.

Answer 21

Stepping Reflex: Baby mimics walking movements when held with feet touching a solid surface, disappearing by 3-4 months.

Answer 22

the key things that are involved in heredity and genetics: Chromosomes - These are the structures in our cells that contain our genes. We have 46 chromosomes total, organized into 23 pairs. Genes - These are the instructions that tell our bodies how to grow and develop. We have around 20,000-25,000 genes. Dominant and Recessive Traits - Traits can be either dominant, meaning they will show up if you have just one copy of the gene, or recessive, meaning you need two copies of the gene for the trait to appear.

Answer 23

examples of genetic disorders: Down Syndrome - Caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to intellectual and physical disabilities. Huntington's Disease - A fatal, progressive brain disorder caused by a defective gene. Sickle Cell Anemia - A blood disorder caused by a recessive gene, most common in people of African descent.

Answer 24

Down Syndrome - Caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to intellectual and physical disabilities.

Answer 25

Huntington's Disease - A fatal, progressive brain disorder caused by a defective gene.

Answer 26

Sickle Cell Anemia - A blood disorder caused by a recessive gene, most common in people of African descent.

Answer 27

The main parts of the brain shown here are: The cerebellum - This part helps with balance, movement, and coordination. The medulla oblongata - This connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls important functions like breathing and heartbeat. The cerebrum - This is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for things like learning, memory, and language. The cerebral cortex - This is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is where a lot of our thinking and reasoning happens.

Answer 28

The cerebellum - This part helps with balance, movement, and coordination.

Answer 29

The medulla oblongata - This connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls important functions like breathing and heartbeat.

Answer 30

The cerebrum - This is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for things like learning, memory, and language.

Answer 31

The cerebral cortex - This is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is where a lot of our thinking and reasoning happens.

Answer 32

The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves that connect them to the rest of the body. It's a super complex system that controls pretty much everything we do!

Answer 33

One key process is myelination, where the nerves get covered in a fatty substance called myelin. This helps the nerves transmit information faster and more efficiently. As a baby's brain develops, more and more myelination occurs, allowing them to gain new skills and abilities. By around age 8, most of the myelination is complete.

Answer 34

two main language styles that kids can have: Referential style - Using language to label objects, like "dog" or "ball" Expressive style - Using language to interact socially, like "hi" or "bye"

Answer 35

they use one word to mean lots of different things. For example, calling all animals "doggy".

Answer 36

Holophrases are single words that have a whole sentence's worth of meaning, like "mama" meaning "there goes mama".

Answer 37

Telegraphic speech is when kids start putting two words together, like "daddy go".

Answer 38

Kids learn a lot of language by copying what they hear

Answer 39

When parents respond positively to a child's attempts at talking, it encourages them to keep practicing

Answer 40

Language is easiest to learn between 18-24 months, before kids hit puberty

Answer 41

-functional play - symbolic play -Constructive play -formal games

Answer 42

functional play - this is when kids do simple, repetitive movements like rolling a ball or running around. This helps them develop their motor skills.

Answer 43

symbolic play, where kids use objects to represent something else, like pretending a block is a car. This type of imaginative play helps with cognitive development and creativity.

Answer 44

Constructive play is when kids build or create things, like making a tower out of blocks. This builds their fine motor skills and problem-solving abilities.

Answer 45

formal games - these have rules that kids have to follow, like board games or sports. Playing these games helps kids learn social skills like taking turns and following directions.

Answer 46

All these different types of play are so important for kids' growth and learning. They get to practice all kinds of skills, from physical to social to cognitive. It's how they explore the world and develop into capable, well-rounded individuals. 🌟

Answer 47

authoritative style. These parents are highly involved and set clear rules, but they also explain the reasons behind them. Kids with authoritative parents tend to be self-reliant, independent, and do well in school.

Answer 48

-authoritative style. -authoritarian style -The permissive -the rejecting

Answer 49

authoritarian style. These parents are very controlling and demand strict obedience, with little explanation. Kids of authoritarian parents may be more hostile and defiant.

Answer 50

The permissive-indulgent style is when parents are very lax and don't set many rules or expectations. These kids are often less competent in school, but they can be quite confident and socially skilled.

Answer 51

the rejecting-neglecting style is when parents are low in both demands and support. Kids with neglectful parents tend to be the least mature, responsible, and competent.

Answer 52

secure attachment. Kids with secure attachment feel comfortable when their caregiver leaves, and they're happy to see the caregiver come back. These kids tend to be very happy, social, and cooperative.

Answer 53

-secure attachment -avoidant attachment - anxious-ambivalent attachment -disorganized-disoriented attachment

Answer 54

avoidant attachment. These kids don't get too upset when their caregiver leaves, and they don't really seek out the caregiver when they come back. They can seem a bit distant.

Answer 55

anxious-ambivalent attachment. These kids get really upset when their caregiver leaves, and they have a hard time being comforted when the caregiver returns. They can be very emotional.

Answer 56

disorganized-disoriented attachment. These kids seem confused and dazed, and they don't have a clear way of responding when their caregiver leaves or comes back. This can be a sign of more serious issues.

Answer 57

The type of attachment a child develops is really important for their social and emotional well-being. Secure attachment helps kids feel safe and confident, while the other types can make it harder for them to form healthy relationships. But with the right care and support, even kids with insecure attachment can learn to feel more secure over time. 💕

Answer 58

from ages 2-7, kids start to use symbols to represent things in their world. They can pretend a block is a car, or use words to talk about things that aren't there. This is called symbolic thought.

Answer 59

Kids in the preoperational stage also tend to be very egocentric. That means they have a hard time seeing things from someone else's point of view. They think the whole world revolves around them!

Answer 60

kids will go from one specific thing to another, without really understanding the connection. Like if it's raining, they might think the rain is making the flowers grow.

Answer 61

conservation - they can't understand that the amount of something stays the same, even if you change its shape or arrangement. And they can only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time, which is called centration.

Answer 62

ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This is a condition where kids have a hard time paying attention, they're really active and fidgety, and they might have trouble controlling their emotions. It can make it hard for them to do well in school.

Answer 63

learning disabilities. These are when kids have trouble learning certain skills, like reading or math, even though they're just as smart as other kids. With the right help, they can learn to work around their disability.

Answer 64

dyslexia. This is a reading disorder where kids have a hard time recognizing letters and words. They might read slowly or mix up letters. But dyslexia doesn't mean they're not smart - it's just a different way their brain works.

Answer 65

Autism is a condition that affects how a person communicates with and relates to other people. Kids with ASD might have a hard time expressing themselves or understanding what others are saying. They might also do the same things over and over again.

Answer 66

Some of the common signs of autism include: Difficulty with social interactions and communication Repetitive behaviors or interests Sensitivity to certain sounds, textures, or lights

Answer 67

the first substage, from birth to 1 month, babies are mostly just using their reflexes, like sucking and grasping. They're starting to get used to the world around them.

Answer 68

Then from 1-4 months, they move into the primary circular reactions stage. Babies start to repeat actions that have an effect on their environment, like shaking a rattle.

Answer 69

From 4-8 months, it's the secondary circular reactions stage. Now babies are focusing more on objects and events in the world, not just their own bodies. They start to develop object permanence - realizing that things still exist even when they can't see them.

Answer 70

the 8-12 month substage, babies can coordinate different schemas to get what they want, like reaching for a toy. They also start imitating sounds and gestures.

Answer 71

Finally, from 18-24 months, babies are transitioning into the preoperational stage. They start using mental representations and symbols, like pretending a block is a car.

Answer 72

During this stage, from ages 7-12, kids start to think in much more logical and organized ways. They can understand the concept of conservation - that the amount of something stays the same, even if you change its shape or appearance.

Answer 73

From 12-18 months, it's the tertiary circular reactions stage. Babies become like little scientists, experimenting with different actions to see what happens.

Answer 74

Another big milestone is logical thinking about concrete objects and situations. Instead of just focusing on one aspect of a problem, kids can now consider multiple factors and come to reasonable conclusions. All of these cognitive abilities represent a big leap forward from the earlier preoperational stage, when kids had a much more limited and egocentric view of the world. Now they're starting to think like little scientists, able to reason and problem-solve in more sophisticated ways.

Answer 75

four main stages of cognitive development

Answer 76

psychosexual stages